Category: 4. Website aftercare & improvement

  • A day in website management: the work clients don’t always see

    A day in website management: the work clients don’t always see

    A day in website management: the work clients don’t always see
    A day in website management: the work clients don’t always see
    0:00
    –:–

    Some days start with a neat task list. This wasn’t one of them.

    I got into work on Monday morning and wondered if it’d be interesting (to me or others) if I logged what I got up to that day. So I did just that, and this post is the outcome. If you’ve ever wondered what your website manager actually does for the fee they charge you, this is for you. I can’t say this is a typical day, or that it showcases all my skills, but it’s what happened on that particular Monday.

    Over the course of Sunday I’d been getting website monitoring alerts for one of my retainer clients and had been keeping an eye on them. The pattern looked very familiar to me. The frequency and duration of the downtime were consistent with a hosting company throttling resources, which can cause a four- or five-minute outage.

    I sat down at my desk, logged in and found one retainer client’s website showing a traffic increase of more than 31,000%. Not the good kind of spike you get from a successful campaign, or a nice bit of press coverage. I know this because I asked the client that question specifically to help give some context to my troubleshooting. This was strange traffic, from places that don’t normally visit the site, and enough of it to push the server past its resource limits.

    Sometimes real-time events lead my day instead of my calendar.

    The plan had been ordinary maintenance work: updates, checks, reporting, a few improvements. Instead, the first question became: is this just weird traffic, or has a vulnerability been found and shared online?

    It is noticing that something looks wrong, taking it seriously, and calmly

    This is the bit of website management that’s hard to explain until you see it happening. It’s not glamorous. It’s not a redesign. It’s not a new feature anyone’s going to get excited about.

    It’s noticing that something looks wrong, taking it seriously, and calmly working through the possibilities before it becomes a bigger problem. And to be honest, that’s a lot of the role.

    The morning started with evidence, not panic

    When a site is under unusual pressure, and once we’ve taken measures to alleviate that pressure, the next job isn’t to leap to the first conclusion that’s suggested. It’s to work through the evidence. I find fairly routinely that it isn’t normally the first thing you think it is. It’s always something more obscure, less obvious.

    I checked error logs, import logs, analytics, installed plugins, themes, and anything that might have become a security risk. I updated themes and plugins where needed, partly to close possible security holes and partly to remove obvious weaknesses from the equation.

    Some platforms let you reinstall all free plugins, which can be a useful way to replace files that may have been changed maliciously. But it still may not remove the cause.

    From the outside, that can look like routine maintenance. Someone logs in, runs some updates, checks a few screens, and moves on. In practice, it’s more proactive than that.

    Could this be connected to something I changed?

    You’re asking: has anything changed recently? Is this plugin still safe to run? Is the traffic pattern harmless, hostile, or somewhere in between? Could this be connected to something I changed, something the client changed, or something completely external? In this instance I checked all my task tracker sheets for things that I could’ve done. I also checked site logs to see if the client had changed anything without involving me.

    That judgement matters because a WordPress site isn’t a static object. It’s a collection of code, services, users, integrations, hosting limits, analytics, plugins, forms and content. When something unusual happens, you need someone who understands enough of the history to know where to look first.

    It isn’t just whether the site is technically “up to date”. It’s whether someone knows what normal looks like, spots when something is abnormal, and has enough context to respond sensibly.

    A possible security incident changed the investigation

    Later, a possible lead emerged that changed how I needed to think about the traffic issue. I used AI-assisted research to check the list of installed plugins against vulnerabilities reported around the time the traffic surge began.

    It turns out a reputable and paid-for plugin on the site may have been connected to a reported supply-chain incident around the same period as the instability. I’m being careful with the wording here, because this isn’t the same as saying the site was compromised. That still needs evidence, but it does change the classification of the work.

    There’s a big difference between “the site is receiving odd traffic” and “the site may have briefly received a compromised plugin update through legitimate update channels.” The first is a performance and traffic investigation. The second needs to be treated more like incident response and my approach becomes more forensic until compromise can be ruled out.

    Preserve evidence before doing broad cleanup.

    A website can be patched now and appear normal, yet still need investigation. Updating plugins to clean versions may replace the affected files, but it doesn’t automatically undo anything that code may have done while it was active or remove other malicious files that may have been hidden away elsewhere.

    At this point, maintenance moves beyond what people expect. The job becomes evidence gathering, risk reduction and calm decision-making because you have to know when a problem deserves a more serious lens.

    That’s the work clients often pay for without ever seeing the detail. The methodical investigation before the presented conclusion and fix. The boring checklist that might save a much worse conversation later.

    A browser-specific problem needed a different kind of testing

    With the high-traffic site no longer getting throttled by the host, it became a monitoring task while another client issue needed attention.

    Some users in an online community platform were reporting that they couldn’t access content that should be available to them. The same kind of approach was used. Gather evidence, look for common denominators, test and consider “what kind of problem is this?”

    Was it a permissions issue? A plan limitation? A recent platform change? A browser issue? Something specific to the app?

    A quick meeting with the project lead helped test the issue on Apple devices, because I don’t use Apple equipment day to day myself. That’s a small but important detail. If you can’t reproduce the environment yourself, you still need to coordinate testing properly or you need to acquire the right testing environment.

    A quick meeting with the project lead helped test the issue

    A pattern started to emerge. Chrome worked. Safari on macOS and iOS failed. The mobile app also failed on iPhones. There was still a possible complication because the test devices were running public beta versions of Apple’s operating systems, but the evidence was useful enough to identify a short-term workaround using Chrome instead of Safari. Not a complete fix, but a usable workaround that helps reduce the number of frustrated platform users.

    Real support work is often less about having the perfect answer immediately and more about isolating variables: what works, what fails, for whom, on what device, in which browser, under what conditions.

    By late morning, I’d written a detailed support ticket and submitted it to the platform providers. The moderator who raised the issue had been updated and they helped manage the community response. The site owner had been updated. The task tracker and bug tracker were being updated so the issue was trackable and shareable.

    Once the technical issue is understood, the work becomes communication, traceability and keeping people calm. No one wants a vague “we’re looking into it” if there’s a better answer available.

    Expectations are high. Stakeholders need to know what’s been tested, what the current workaround is, who’s been contacted, and where the issue is being tracked.

    By lunch, I was uncovering layers of legacy website problems

    Later in the morning, I moved on to an ecommerce website on a maintenance plan.

    The site had recently been migrated, and I was running updates and security scans. Because the site had a history of poor performance, this morning’s other issues made me look a bit closer for any anomalies and signs of inherited mess.

    Previous work by less experienced contractors appeared to have duplicated files and structures in places they shouldn’t be. I often see this, where someone installs WordPress to the wrong folder and you get a tonne of duplication of files in the wrong places. That sort of thing doesn’t usually announce itself with a dramatic error message. It just sits there, making the site harder to maintain, harder to understand and sometimes harder to trust because directory contents don’t look like they should. (We tend to know what files should be in a directory).

    Cleaning it up isn’t a quick job. It needs to be done carefully, unpicking the botched installation from the valid one. Imagine, if you will, someone chucking a packet of short grain rice into a bucket of long grain rice and mixing them up and then having to separate them again.

    Then a smaller issue appeared: the map in the footer wasn’t displaying properly. It wasn’t a critical fault, but for an ecommerce business with a physical shop, it still mattered. A broken map affects usability, undermines trust and may prevent customers from finding the premises. That can lead to lost sales, as well as making the business look less credible when part of its website isn’t working properly.

    We can measure that in lost sales.

    The cause turned out to be malformed legacy code inside a theme content block. The Google Maps iframe URL had been damaged, combining the site domain with the Google Maps URL into a non-existent address. There were also some unused and mismatched CSS rules hanging around.

    The fix was simple once the cause was clear: replace the broken embed with a cleaner map iframe, use the correct URL, add a proper title for accessibility, and keep it responsive.

    Then I went for a run

    At about half eleven, I paused to feed the dogs and go for a run before lunch. That might sound like a break from the working day, but I’m not sure it is. Not completely.

    When you work on your own, especially across several support and consultancy roles, your attention is part of the operating system. If that gets overloaded, the quality of your judgement drops.

    The run helped and I came back feeling better for it. I’d been out in the countryside, seen butterflies, a red kite hunting on the wing, so many flowers, blackberries, sloes, and all the small signs that the season’s moving on towards Autumn.

    Exercise and detaching from your work location matters because technical work is also cognitive. You’re holding several problems in your head, switching context, making judgement calls, and trying not to turn every small uncertainty into panic. Going and doing something else allows the subconscious time and space to keep working on the problems while you get the dopamine and restoration that being in nature brings.

    Work isn’t just technical. It’s also cognitive.

    A lot of problem-solving happens away from the screen. Stress drops and thoughts settle. The next step often becomes clear once you stop staring at the problem. The only issue is having to stop running every ten minutes to email yourself the latest amazing idea you had.

    So yes, feeding the dogs and going for a run sits in the middle of this article about website management. Because that’s part of a real working day too.

    A day in the life of a solo digital continuity partner isn’t just tickets, logs, plugins and bug reports. It’s also managing energy and headspace so there’s enough clarity left to make good decisions for my clients.

    In the afternoon, client support meant buying an iPhone

    In the afternoon, I bought an iPhone 14 as a dedicated test device. It’s slightly odd when buying an iPhone counts as client support, but here we are. That decision came directly from the morning’s browser issue and from the general problem of unreliable viewport simulation.

    Browser developer tools and responsive previews are useful. But quite honestly, I’ve just had too many discrepancies between simulated and real-world behaviour. Software-based device testing doesn’t always reveal actual behaviour across actual devices, operating systems, browsers and hardware. Sometimes you just need the device you’re testing for in your hand.

    Sometimes you just need the device you are testing for in your hand.

    So now my testing setup includes an iPhone, not that I particularly desire a drawer full of devices. It’s because diagnosis becomes easier when you limit the number of variables you’re working with.

    If a client or their users are seeing a problem on iOS or Safari, simulation only gets you so far. Physical hardware gives better evidence and if enough of your day to day work uses those devices, you should probably have them to hand.

    This is one of the hidden costs of providing technical support. The tools, devices, subscriptions, monitoring services, testing environments and accumulated context all matter. They aren’t always visible in the final invoice line, but they’re part of what makes the service reliable.

    Client work wasn’t the only work

    Not every part of the day was client delivery. At one point, I checked one of my new mailing lists and saw that someone had signed up.

    That first subscriber to a list may look small from the outside. But when a list’s been empty until now, one subscriber changes everything. It stops being a someday marketing idea and becomes a live relationship with a real person waiting at the other end.

    That creates a new responsibility: the follow-up experience now needs to be worth their trust.

    The follow-up experience now needs to be worth their trust.

    So the work shifts again. From website incident response, platform troubleshooting, ecommerce maintenance, to business development. The next job is to create some drip content for the mailing list so the first subscriber, and the next ones after them, receive something useful and structured.

    This is one of the realities of solo consultancy. You’re not only doing the work. You’re also building the machine that brings in future work and those two things can collide on the same day.

    Strategy looked like turning something off

    Later, I checked analytics performance for an ads customer. We’d been discussing their enquiry volume for a specific service they sell.

    We discussed whether we could pause paid activity for keywords that were already performing strongly in organic search, then redistribute the saved budget to other priorities. That’s a PPC and SEO overlap question, rather than a simple ads performance review.

    It’s easy to assume ads management is always about doing more. More keywords. More campaigns. More spend. More optimisations.

    It is easy to assume ads management is always about doing more.

    But sometimes the useful question is do we still need to pay for traffic we’re already earning organically?

    That doesn’t mean the answer is automatically no. Paid and organic results can support each other, and there are plenty of cases where protecting visibility is sensible. But it’s worth testing.

    If organic search is already doing the job, paid spend might be better reduced, paused, or redirected somewhere it can make a bigger difference. It also means checking whether an old strategic decision is still valid.

    The day ended where it started

    By late afternoon, I returned to the site with the suspicious traffic surge. The earlier mitigation appeared to have helped and server resource usage was back within acceptable limits.

    That’s the moment where it’d be tempting to say ‘fixed’ and walk away, but stabilising the site isn’t the same as understanding what happened.

    So the next layer was timeline reconstruction. I checked uptime monitoring to understand when the issue started. The pattern appeared to begin a few days before the worst of the instability. I then looked back through the work log for that date to see whether any work, updates, changes, or issues might have contributed.

    If nothing obvious appears in the work log, the next step is to ask the client whether anything changed around that date, or shortly beforehand.

    This is the methodical side of maintenance work. Stabilise first. Then investigate what changed.

    Stabilise first. Then investigate what changed.

    As part of tightening the site back up, I also added security reporting to my own email address so I could receive the same alerts as the client. I have my own monitoring services, but it’s useful to know exactly what information reaches the client, and when.

    It’s a small change, but it improves the support relationship. If a client raises a concern about a security alert, I’m not relying only on forwarded messages or second-hand context. I can see the alert, understand the pattern, and respond from the same information.

    Support often requires taking positive action to put yourself in the client’s line of sight.

    I also carried out user account administration on the retainer site. That’s another quiet risk area. Security isn’t only about plugins, firewalls and server resources. User accounts matter. Access matters. Roles matter. Dormant accounts matter, especially on a site where multiple contractors and service providers get involved and don’t perhaps have great security hygiene.

    AI-supported work needed oversight too

    The last notable task of the day was updating my AI agent instructions in Notion.

    That may sound like a completely different category of work, but it fits the same pattern. In practice, this is closer to maintaining an internal process document, checklist, or staff handbook than simply “prompting an AI”.

    If the instructions are vague, outdated, or based on older tool capabilities, the agent may still sound helpful while actually doing the job badly. That’s quite a dangerous combination.

    A dangerous combination. Confident output, weak alignment.

    This is the part of AI-supported work that doesn’t always make it into the exciting demos. AI agents aren’t magic employees. They’re living documents and systems that need managing as the work and the models themselves evolve.

    That might sound like a slightly strange note to end the day on, but it fits. Whether it’s a website, a support process, an ad account, a testing setup or an AI agent, the job is often the same: keep it accurate and aligned with reality.

    The common theme was continuity

    Looking back over the day, there wasn’t a single grand project.

    The day moved from a suspicious traffic surge, to a browser-specific video issue and platform support, to ecommerce maintenance, analytics checks, security admin, and even buying an iPhone as a test device. Somewhere in the middle, I went for a run, checked on my own marketing, updated an ads campaign, and ended the day updating AI agent instructions. Not exactly one clean project, but very much a real working day.

    That might sound scattered, but the work was all connected by the need for continuity.

    A lot of professional website work isn’t about big dramatic launches. It’s about keeping systems stable, useful, safe, understandable, and aligned with business needs.

    None of this is especially glamorous.

    Sometimes that means incident investigation. Sometimes it means testing or cleanup work, but it almost always requires judgement and a sanity check on whether yesterday’s assumptions still hold.

    None of this is especially glamorous, but it can be very enjoyable. I mean, who doesn’t like detective work? But it’s the work that keeps things from falling apart and for small teams that especially matters.

    The real risk isn’t usually one dramatic failure. It’s the slow accumulation of neglected details and decisions that nobody has reviewed since they were first made. A good website partner notices those things.

    Then they do something about them.

  • Does your website help AI understand your business?

    Does your website help AI understand your business?

    Does your website help AI understand your business?
    Does your website help AI understand your business?
    0:00
    –:–

    AI search is changing how people find businesses like yours online.

    Instead of going straight to Google, doing a search, and clicking through a list of results, more people are asking tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity, Copilot, and Google’s own AI features for direct recommendations, comparisons, and summaries.

    People follow the path of least resistance. Increasingly, that “lowest effort” path isn’t ten blue links anymore. Which raises a new question for website owners:

    Should your website include a page written specifically to help large language models understand your business?

    You’ll see these described in a few ways: LLM info pages, AI information pages, source-of-truth pages, /llm-info/ pages, and sometimes a related file called llms.txt.

    The idea’s pretty simple really. You create one clear, structured page (or file) that explains who you are, what you do, who you help, where you work, and what you don’t do.

    I think it’s worth me saying this straight away: most websites don’t have an “AI problem”. They’ve got a clarity problem.

    Most websites don’t have an “AI problem”. They’ve got a clarity problem.

    If a real person can’t quickly work out what you or your business do and whether you’re a good fit, AI tools are going to struggle too. The difference is that AI will often fill in the gaps, even when it shouldn’t. It’ll do it confidently too, and sometimes it’s going to be wrong.

    If your website’s already clear and your SEO foundations are solid, an LLM page can be a useful supporting layer. If your site’s unclear or technically messy, it’s not going to save you. In fact, piling another contradictory page on top of other messy pages may even make things worse.

    What’s an LLM info page?

    An LLM info page is just a regular public webpage which is designed to summarise your business in a way that’s easy for AI tools, search engines, chatbots, and other automated systems to interpret.

    In practice, it’s a “single source of truth” that clearly states what your site probably already says across your homepage and all your other pages too. The difference is that it’s intentionally factual and unambiguous.

    That matters because most websites aren’t written as one consistent, factual explanation. Each page has its own job. A homepage is broad. A service page persuades. A case study tells a story. That’s all fine, but it can leave automated systems with a skewed or confused impression of what the business actually does.

    A good LLM page usually covers:

    • what the business does (in plain English)
    • who it’s for
    • where it operates
    • what it doesn’t do
    • links to your most important pages (services, case studies, testimonials, contact)

    What’s llms.txt?

    llms.txt is currently a proposed convention: a Markdown file placed at the root of a website, usually at /llms.txt

    You can think of it as a cousin of the LLM info page we discussed earlier, but written more for crawlers than humans. Websites can be big, cluttered, and full of marketing copy and navigation noise. A short Markdown file can provide a cleaner starting point, plus direct links to the pages that matter. The ones that you hope AI will surface in the content it shows to users.

    The key point is that it’s still a proposal. It’s not in the same category as robots.txt, XML sitemaps, or schema markup in terms of adoption or proven impact. So yes, you can add it. Just don’t assume it’ll be treated like an established standard, yet.

    How does this actually work in Google’s AI features?

    Google’s guidance is a useful reality check .

    For AI Overviews and AI Mode, Google says the same fundamentals still apply. Pages need to be indexable, eligible to appear in Google Search, useful to visitors, technically accessible, and supported by strong content. Google also says there aren’t additional technical requirements for appearing in AI Overviews or AI Mode.

    That’s helpful because it keeps expectations grounded. You don’t need to publish special AI-only files to be eligible for Google’s AI features.

    That said, Google isn’t the only player here. Plenty of people now start with ChatGPT and never reach Google at all. So it’s worth thinking beyond “what does Google want?” and also thinking “can AI tools access and interpret what I’ve published?”

    Do AI citations work like classic search rankings?

    Not exactly. Ahrefs analysed 863,000 keyword SERPs and 4 million AI Overview URLs. Their March 2026 update found that around 38% of URLs cited in AI Overviews also appeared within the first 10 result blocks (Ahrefs link in the appendix).

    That suggests AI systems can pull from a wider range of sources than “page one or nothing”.

    38% of URLs cited in AI Overviews also appeared within the first 10 result blocks.

    Google’s also said its AI features may use a “query fan-out” technique. Basically, instead of doing one search, it does a number of smaller related searches, and then builds a single response from what it finds.

    So the win here isn’t an “AI trick”. It’s making sure your site says the important stuff plainly, in a couple of obvious places, so there’s less room for misreading or guesswork.

    Can AI tools actually access your site?

    OpenAI documents several user agents (including OAI-SearchBot and GPTBot) and how site owners can allow or block them via the robots.txt file. In other words, access controls still matter.

    So if you do publish an LLM info page (or llms.txt), it’s worth checking it’s actually reachable. If your robots.txt, CDN/WAF rules, firewall, or security plugin blocks the relevant bots, you’re making it harder for AI tools to use what you’ve published.

    In WordPress, this is where things often go wrong in not always obvious ways. I’ve seen CDN challenges that bots can’t pass, staging noindex settings left switched on, and sitemap issues after migrations or plugin changes. None of it’s glamorous, but it’s the difference between “this might help” and “this can’t possibly help”.

    Is there evidence that this works?

    This is where it gets a bit awkward. There’s useful data on llms.txt, but much less robust data specifically testing human-readable /llm-info/ pages.

    A public /llm-info/ page is just a normal webpage with structured business information. A root llms.txt file is a proposed machine-readable Markdown convention. They’re related ideas, but they’re not quite the same thing.

    The best available evidence is mostly about llms.txt (sources linked in the appendix). SE Ranking analysed nearly 300,000 domains and found that only 10.13% had an llms.txt file in place. More importantly, their analysis found no correlation between having llms.txt and being cited more often by AI systems.

    Search Engine Journal summarised the same research by saying citation rates didn’t change based on whether a site used the file, and that site owners shouldn’t expect a visibility lift from adding it today.

    SE Ranking analysed nearly 300,000 domains and found that only 10.13% had an llms.txt file

    It’s also worth separating two different outcomes here: visibility and accuracy. Those studies are mainly looking at whether a site gets cited more often. That’s useful, but it doesn’t tell us whether a business is described more accurately when it is mentioned.

    Even if citation rates don’t increase, it’s still possible that a clear “source of truth” page reduces ambiguity and helps AI tools summarise your services, location, and positioning more correctly (and avoids inventing things you don’t offer). That’s harder to measure, but it can still be a worthwhile goal.

    Search Engine Land made a similar point about LLM-only pages and files: the format itself doesn’t get special treatment. The content may help, but only if it’s better, clearer, or more useful than what already exists on your normal pages.

    So the takeaway isn’t “don’t do it”. It’s this: The file format isn’t the point. The clarity is.

    So, should you add one?

    It’s worth considering if your business is easy to misread, your offer’s a bit nuanced, or your site doesn’t have one clear “this is what we do” page. But if your fundamentals aren’t solid yet (indexing issues, weak service pages, slow performance, poor internal linking), sort that out first. An LLM page’s a finishing layer, not a fix.

    There are three solid reasons to consider it.

    Improve Clarity

    A lot of business websites are written to persuade. That’s fine. But persuasion copy can get vague, especially when it leans on phrases that sound nice without saying much.

    Improve Consistency

    If your homepage, service pages, Google Business Profile, and directory listings all describe your business slightly differently, you create ambiguity. A single “source of truth” page helps keep the story straight.

    Reduce Risk

    AI tools sometimes summarise businesses incorrectly. They might infer services you don’t offer, locations you don’t serve, or claims you haven’t made.

    What should an LLM info page include?

    It should be factual, structured, and easy to scan. You’re trying to remove ambiguity, not write marketing copy.
    A “minimum viable” version looks like this:

    Business: ICW Digital (Paul Edwards)
    What it is: WordPress website continuity + SEO and technical optimisation support
    Who it’s for: small and overstretched marketing teams (UK)
    Where: Worthing, West Sussex (remote UK support available)
    Core services: WordPress maintenance, technical troubleshooting, technical SEO audits, performance fixes
    Not offered: general IT support, guaranteed rankings
    Key pages: /about/, /services/, /content-seo-technical-optimisation/, /contact/
    Contact: ******@icw.digital
    Last reviewed: May 2026

    That format helps machines, but it also helps people. It gives a quick “are we talking about the same thing?” reference, without digging through five pages.

    Should you also add llms.txt?

    Probably. It’s low effort, but expectations should be modest. There’s no strong evidence it increases AI citations today. The better reason to add it is that it gives AI systems (and humans) a clean, maintained list of key pages and an accurate description of what the business does.

    If you do add it, keep it simple and keep it maintained. A stale “source of truth” is worse than none.

    A stale “source of truth” is worse than none.

    How would you measure whether it helps?

    You probably won’t get neat attribution like “LLM info page = X leads”. Instead, you’re looking for a mix of signals over time:

    • crawl and access (including server logs, if available)
    • indexing and impressions in Google Search Console
    • whether AI tools describe the business more accurately
    • whether citations start showing up for relevant prompts
    • whether enquiries begin mentioning AI tools or AI summaries

    You can also manually test prompts in AI tools, especially around “what does this business do?” and “is this business a good fit for X?”. It’s not perfect measurement, but it’s still useful signal.

    Let’s make your website easier for AI tools to understand

    My SEO and technical optimisation services combine content review, technical SEO, performance improvements, and practical recommendations to make your website clearer, faster, and more visible.

    If you’d like to discuss your website, call me on 01903 527927 or get in touch via my contact page.

    Appendix: links mentioned

    Official guidance (worth reading first)

    llms.txt background

    Data + analysis (the “does this actually work?” part)

  • Small browser share, big impact: Why “small %” is the wrong mindset

    Small browser share, big impact: Why “small %” is the wrong mindset

    Small browser share, big impact: Why “small %” is the wrong mindset
    Small browser share, big impact: Why “small %” is the wrong mindset
    0:00
    –:–

    It’s “only 2–3% of users” … until you realise it’s a conversion leak

    I had a conversation recently with someone who’d built a brand new website for a charitable organisation. It was genuinely well done: a strong value proposition, carefully structured, and persuasive without being over the top.

    I mentioned that there were some layout issues in one particular browser. The response was basically: we’re not bothered, that browser barely has any market share.

    We’re not bothered, that browser barely has any market share.

    And to be clear, I’m sure that it was said with a bit of tongue‑in‑cheek humour. But it hung around in the back of my mind for days and caused some irritation, because it’s exactly the kind of logic that lets exclusion creep in unnoticed.

    Because I’ve heard that mindset before. We used to talk about accessibility the same way: it’s only a small percentage of people, so it’s fine if they struggle. And we now (rightly) recognise how wrong that is.

    With accessibility, the exclusion is created at the website end: if you build something that a group of people can’t use, you’ve effectively locked them out. With charities, that can land as a very real outcome: fewer people able to donate or sign up, which ultimately means fewer resources available to help the people you’re here for.

    A browser isn’t the same thing as a disability, of course. But the logic is very similar: it’s acceptable to exclude a small group if fixing it is inconvenient. That’s not a technical decision. It’s an inclusion decision.

    It’s only a small percentage of people…

    A small percentage is still real people (and real outcomes)

    The problem with percent-thinking is it hides the human reality.

    If your site gets 20,000 visits a month, 2% is 400 people. If the broken journey is “Donate”, “Volunteer”, “Get help”, “Report a safeguarding concern”, “Request support”, or even “Read the impact report”, that’s not a rounding error. That’s mission impact; it’s real lives affected.

    And even if the absolute number is small, the message it sends is big: “You’re not worth designing for.” For a charity, that can be brutal when the entire brand is built on care, inclusion, and trust.

    Your entire brand is built on care, inclusion, and trust.

    “Browser support” is actually a values decision

    When a site fails on one browser, teams often treat it like a niche bug. Something to ignore, or to park for later.

    But browser compatibility is one of the practical ways we deliver on a basic promise: the service works for people where they are.

    That’s close to the heart of what accessibility is, in the broad sense. W3C put it plainly: “Accessibility is essential for developers and organizations that want to create high-quality websites and web tools, and not exclude people from using their products and services.”

    Notice the framing: not “compliance”, not “nice to have”. Not excluding people.

    So when someone says “we don’t care about that browser”, they’re saying: “We’ve decided those users can be excluded.”

    That might still be a decision you make sometimes. Every team has finite time and money. But if you do make it, it should be a conscious decision, agreed by the organisation, and backed by a policy. Not shrugged off in a dev chat.

    This is uncomfortably close to the old accessibility mistake

    The web accessibility world has spent years trying to undo the damage caused by “edge cases don’t matter” thinking. And the data shows we still have a long way to go.

    WebAIM’s 2026 analysis of the top 1,000,000 home pages found that:

    • 95.9% of home pages had detectable WCAG conformance failures
    • Across the sample, there were 56.1 detected accessibility errors per page on average
    • “Low contrast text” alone appeared on 83.9% of home pages

    The point isn’t “everything is terrible”. The point is: exclusion happens easily and at scale, even when nobody intended it.

    Exclusion happens easily and at scale.

    Now add browser incompatibility on top and you end up excluding people twice: once because the interface isn’t accessible, and again because it doesn’t even run reliably in their browser and device setup.

    Why this matters more for charities (and public-serving organisations)

    As a broad generalisation, charities don’t run websites for entertainment. Websites are often part of the service they deliver.

    And because charity sites rely on people completing actions (donating, signing up, enquiring, downloading resources), small amounts of extra friction can have an significant impact on conversion rates. If a journey fails outright in a particular browser, it’s not just “some users had a worse experience”, it’s lost donations, lost sign-ups, and less support reaching the people who need it.

    If you’re running paid campaigns, it can also contaminate your conversion data: you end up optimising budgets and ads based on partial, misleading signals.

    If someone reports “it’s broken in my browser”:

    • Confirm which journey is affected (donate, form, checkout, etc.)
    • Reproduce it (or at least capture a screen recording + exact steps)
    • Test the same journey in 1–2 other browsers/devices (to separate “browser-specific” from “site-wide”)
    • Decide severity: if it blocks a core journey, treat it as urgent
    • Log it and fix it in the simplest safe way (then re-test the core journeys)

    When a charity website breaks, people can lose:

    • the ability to donate
    • the ability to find and access support
    • the ability to access information quickly in a moment of need
    • confidence that the organisation is competent and trustworthy

    And it’s worth remembering: people don’t choose browsers in a vacuum. Sometimes they’re locked in by:

    • workplace IT policy (you get what you’re given)
    • older devices that can’t be upgraded
    • privacy preferences
    • accessibility tooling and established setups

    Telling someone “just use another browser” or assuming they can use another browser, is like telling someone “just use another staircase”.

    Again, not identical. But the same instinct to shift the burden onto the user.

    The practical middle ground: a browser support policy

    None of this means you have to support everything forever. What you need is a simple, written stance that answers three questions:

    1. Which browsers and versions do we support?
    2. What does “support” mean? (Fully functional? “Core journeys work”? “Looks identical”?)
    3. What happens when we find an issue outside the support baseline? (Severity rules, response times, workarounds)

    This matters because it turns the conversation from “I don’t care” into “Here’s our policy, here’s why it’s reasonable, and here’s how we handle exceptions”.

    It also keeps scope bounded and costs predictable, because you’re agreeing expectations up front instead of arguing about them after something breaks.

    A useful reference point is the GOV.UK Service Manual guidance on designing for different browsers and devices. It sets the expectation that a service must be universally accessible and that you should test based on real user analytics, while recognising that “some users may access your service using older or unsupported browsers” and you may decide whether additional support is needed.

    (If you’ve never read GOV.UK’s service guidance, it’s one of the most practical, grounded bodies of guidance on building digital services for real people.)

    How to test without going broke

    Most cross-browser issues don’t need heroics or huge investment to vis them. They need consistent application of coding standards, naming conventions, mobile first design and graceful degredation where a browser doesnt support certain CSS.

    Here’s a simple approach I recommend for charities and small teams:

    • Define your core journeys (donate, contact, sign-up, find help, apply, book)
    • Pick a small browser set for each release (based on your analytics, plus at least one “non-default” browser)
    • Test with keyboard only for those journeys (it catches a lot fast)
    • Add a regression checklist before each deployment
    • Treat forms as sacred: labels, validation, error messages, and submit states should always work
    • Don’t just test different screen sizes and aspect ratios in the browser as simulations, actually use a handful of real devices running on different operating systems and browsers.

    If you want to go deeper on what “accessible enough” even means, WCAG 2.2 is the current W3C recommendation and it’s clear about the breadth of needs it covers, from low vision to limited movement to cognitive limitations.

    Most cross-browser issues don’t need heroics. They need consistency.

    And if you want a powerful reminder of why this matters, W3C’s own accessibility video includes this line: “There are over one billion people with disabilities, or about 15–20% of the population … implementing the accessibility standards is essential for people with disabilities, and useful for all.”

    What to do when the bug is “only in one browser”

    When you hit a browser-specific issue, you want to avoid two extremes:

    • “We must fix this perfectly right now no matter what”
    • “Meh, ignore it”

    Instead, triage it like a grown-up:

    1. Is it breaking a core journey? If yes, treat it as high priority.
    2. Is there an accessible workaround? If no, increase severity.
    3. Is the affected group identifiable and meaningful? (It often is.)
    4. Is this a one-off, or does it point to a pattern? (Modern JS tooling, polyfills, CSS support assumptions, third-party embeds, cookie banners, donation widgets.)

    Then fix it in the simplest safe way. Often that means:

    • removing or rewriting a brittle JS feature
    • improving progressive enhancement
    • swapping a third-party embed for something more robust
    • adding a polyfill or build step you thought you didn’t need

    None of that is glamorous. It’s maintenance work. And maintenance is where reliability and inclusion actually get delivered.

    Bottom line

    If a browser is only used by 2–3% of your audience, you can still decide whether you will or wont support it or to what extent, but pretending it doesn’t matter, that’s a problem.

    Pretending it doesn’t matter is the problem.

    Because that’s not a browser decision. It’s a decision about who gets access to your service and who doesn’t. If you’re building for charities, I think you should treat that as a values issue first, and a technical issue second.

    If you want this handled quietly and properly

    If you’re a charity or a small team running a WordPress site, a big part of what you’re paying for in a website maintenance agreement is this: someone who will take these issues seriously, define sensible standards, test the right things, and fix problems before they become public, stressful, or expensive.

    That’s what I do as a continuity partner, not just a “when it breaks” developer. Feel free to give me a call on 01903 527927 or via my contact page and we can discuss your situation in more depth.

    Appendix: links mentioned

  • Building and Maintaining Website Forms That Handle Sensitive Data

    Building and Maintaining Website Forms That Handle Sensitive Data

    Building and Maintaining Website Forms That Handle Sensitive Data
    Building and Maintaining Website Forms That Handle Sensitive Data
    0:00
    –:–

    Someone in your organisation needs a form added to your website. It might be for enquiries, applications, registrations, or internal processes. On the surface, it sounds like a straightforward web task, and it often gets treated that way. But the moment that form starts collecting sensitive information, it stops being “just a form”. It becomes a data processing system, and the risk profile changes.

    Once you’re collecting things like health information, identity documents, or anything that can meaningfully affect someone if it’s exposed, you’re into a very different category of work. That matters for the end client, it matters for the agency building it, and it matters for the suppliers and freelancers implementing it. If something goes wrong, it rarely lands solely on one party.

    Let’s look at what “sensitive” means in practice, and why the legal and security bar is higher than most people expect.

    Why the data type changes everything

    Special category data needs more protection because of the harm it could cause if it is mishandled or exposed. Under UK GDPR, organisations must identify a lawful basis for processing personal data (Article 6). If the data is special category, they also need a separate condition that specifically allows them to process that category of data (Article 9). In practice, that means the question is not just “can we collect this?”, but “are we allowed to collect this, and can we justify collecting it in this way?”

    This is also where a DPIA often comes in. A DPIA is a Data Protection Impact Assessment. It is a structured way of thinking through a processing activity before you implement it, so you can identify the risks to the individuals whose data you are collecting and decide what controls are proportionate. You do not do one because it feels bureaucratic. You do one because it forces the project to make the risk visible while there is still time to change the design.

    Are we allowed to collect this?
    Can we justify collecting it this way?

    That is not red tape for the sake of it. It is the practical recognition that, when the data could cause real harm if exposed, the bar for how you design, store, secure, and retain it should be higher than the bar for a contact form on a brochure site.

    This is also why reassurance alone does not close the loop. Even if everyone involved is acting in good faith, the moment the website stores sensitive data you have increased the attack surface and multiplied the places that data can persist. That is before you factor in backups, logs, email notifications, spam folders, or plugin-specific storage quirks.

    The shared risk between client, agency, and developer

    From a governance point of view, the client is usually the controller because the client decides why the data’s being collected and what it’s used for.

    Agencies, consultants, and suppliers often operate as processors when they build or host systems that process personal data on the client’s behalf, and that has practical implications for responsibilities, contracts, and how security decisions are made. The ICO’s guidance on controllers and processors is useful here because it explains how to think about the roles, and why it matters when something goes wrong.⁠⁠​

    Risk can become invisible when it becomes distributed.

    What I see happen in real projects is that the risk can become “invisible” because it’s distributed. The client assumes the agency will handle it because they’re the technical experts. The agency assumes the client will set the compliance direction because it’s their data. The developer assumes the plugin defaults are fine because they work for typical projects or perhaps they haven’t been included in relevant discussions. Nobody is acting irresponsibly as such, the system just drifts into a risky place through circumstance and blurred lines of responsibility.

    Start by minimising collection and retention

    If you want a practical starting point that almost always improves the situation, it’s this: collect less, and keep it for less time.

    Collecting less is the most powerful lever because the safest data is the data you never collect. If a form is collecting special category data, it’s worth challenging whether every field is truly necessary at that stage of the process. In many organisations, forms slowly accrue “useful” fields over time because it’s easy to add another question. That creates risk without anyone explicitly choosing it.

    Retention is where websites quietly become long-term liabilities. UK GDPR’s storage limitation principle is essentially the idea that personal data shouldn’t be kept for longer than necessary.⁠⁠ In a web context, the difference between “we’ll delete it later” and “it will definitely be deleted” comes down to whether deletion is engineered into the system, whether it’s tested, and whether someone is accountable for it.

    The safest data is the data you never collect.

    Don’t store sensitive data on the website if you can avoid it

    If you can design the system so the website doesn’t store the sensitive data at all, that’s usually the cleanest option. Other than not asking for the data in the first place of course!

    In an ideal world, submissions go directly into the organisation’s internal systems, or into a specialist provider built for handling that type of data, with the website acting as the collection interface rather than the storage layer. That reduces duplication and makes it far less likely that sensitive information ends up scattered across plugin tables, file systems, email inboxes, and server backups.

    I realise some organisations can’t support that pattern because their IT teams are trying to remove complexity and don’t have the capacity to build or expose endpoints. That’s a real constraint, and it’s one reason these projects can be tricky. But even when you can’t hit the ideal, it’s still useful because it gives you a direction of travel: reduce storage, reduce duplication, reduce persistence.

    If you do store it, deletion has to be designed and verified

    If temporary storage is unavoidable, the project needs to include a retention method that actually works in practice, not just on paper. This is particularly important on WordPress, because many form plugins don’t store everything in one obvious place. It’s easy to delete an “entry” and still leave uploaded documents on disk, or to purge a table while copies remain in email notifications, spam bins, logs, or backups.

    That’s why I’m cautious when a retention plan is described in vague terms like “we’ll delete submissions after 30 days”. Unless the team has confirmed exactly where the data is stored, and what “deletion” really removes in that specific setup.

    This is also the point where the conversation usually shifts from build to maintenance. If the form is collecting high-risk data, it can’t be treated as a one-off deliverable. It needs patching, monitoring, access reviews, and periodic checks that retention controls still function after plugin updates and configuration changes. This is where website management and maintenance stops being a “nice to have” service and becomes the thing that prevents the same problem reappearing in two years.

    Where Cyber Essentials fits in the conversation

    In sensitive-form projects, the security conversation often gets simplified into a question of standards. Cyber Essentials is one of the first things that gets referenced in the UK, because it is a recognised scheme and it maps to a set of common technical controls. The NCSC describes Cyber Essentials as a minimum standard aligned to five controls designed to help protect against the most common internet-based threats.

    It is also worth remembering the broader context. The UK government’s Cyber Security Breaches Survey 2025 reports that 43% of businesses and 30% of charities identified at least one cyber security breach or attack in the last 12 months. That is not a guarantee you will be breached, but it is a useful reminder that “we won’t be a target” is not something you can build a plan around when the data involved is sensitive.

    43% of businesses and 30% of charities identified at least one cyber security breach or attack in the last 12 months.

    The part that is easy to miss is that certification does not automatically mean the controls are sufficient for every processing scenario. The ICO explicitly notes you may have to go beyond Cyber Essentials depending on your processing activities, because it is only intended to provide a base set of controls and will not address the circumstances or risks posed by every processing operation.

    So, it can be part of a sensible security posture, but it does not replace the form-specific work: being deliberate about what data you collect, where it is stored, who can access it, how long it persists, and how those controls hold up after updates and staff changes.

    A litmus test that keeps everyone honest

    If you want one question that cuts through ambiguity, it’s this: if this exact dataset leaked, would everyone involved still be comfortable explaining the storage and retention choices to the people who submitted the form?

    If the answer is “I’m not sure”, that’s not a failure. It’s a sign you’ve found the real work, and it’s worth slowing down long enough to design the data handling properly before building anything.

    Want an outside perspective?

    If you are about to add or replace a form that collects anything sensitive, and you want a calm second pair of eyes on the practical risks, I’m happy to help. I spend a lot of time in the real-world edge cases where websites, plugins, hosting, and internal processes collide.

    I’m not a substitute for a data protection professional and I don’t provide legal advice, but I can help you stress-test the real-world implementation: what you are collecting, where it may be stored, and how retention is likely to work in practice.

    If that would be useful, feel free to get in touch. Sometimes a short review at the start prevents a painful clean-up later. Get in touch by calling me directly on 01903 527927 or via my contact page.

    Appendix: links mentioned

  • What is SERP volatility and what should you do about it?

    What is SERP volatility and what should you do about it?

    What is SERP volatility and what should you do about it?
    What is SERP volatility and what should you do about it?
    0:00
    –:–

    If you work anywhere near digital marketing or website management, you’ll probably know this feeling.

    One week Google sends you more traffic than usual, or a handful of pages overperform. The next week, a couple of important pages drop position. Conversions suffer, someone notices, and a meeting invite gets sent out. Before you know it, you’re debating whether to rewrite half the pages on the website, making reactionary changes to your content plan, or switching SEO tools. It’s really easy to get into a state where nothing seems to make sense and results seem divorced from your actions.

    That cycle is completely understandable, and it happens often in times of turbulent SERPs. It’s also one of the fastest ways to waste time and budget, which can be especially damaging if you’re part of a small or overstretched team. SEO gets turned into a constant, low-grade anxiety machine, and it tends to hit hardest when you’re already juggling lots of other tasks.

    This post isn’t about the latest update, or what Google’s doing this week. It’s about the underlying lesson that stays true year after year, time after time. If you build for stability, you can stop chasing noise.

    When search results are volatile, your job isn’t to react faster. Your job is to build a website that’s technically strong enough to benefit from good content and authority, and stable enough that turbulence doesn’t send you into a strategy spiral. SEO isn’t a daily scoreboard. It’s a system.

    SEO is not a daily scoreboard. It is a system.

    The volatility trap

    Rankings can change for lots of reasons. Sometimes that movement is meaningful. Sometimes it’s just the normal churn of an algorithm that’s constantly being recalibrated. What turns that into a trap is that volatile periods make people treat rankings like a real-time scoreboard, and you end up measuring progress in daily swings rather than meaningful outcomes and medium to long-term trends.

    Unfortunately, this is also where a lot of people lose trust in their data. When multiple tools are showing “very high” movement, it’s tempting to assume the tracker is broken, rather than accepting that the search results are shifting under your feet.

    Semrush’s Sensor literally describes the “Very High” range as “It’s a Googlequake!”, and it’s shown readings like 9.5 out of 10 in that range. That shouldn’t be used as a reason to panic, but it is a useful reminder that you’re not imagining the turbulence.

    A drop can look like failure, so teams start “fixing” things that weren’t broken. A rise looks like success, so teams double down on a tactic that might not be the real reason for the improvement. The truth is you rarely get clean cause and effect in the short term, which is why the most reliable SEO work tends to look boring from the outside. It’s less about chasing patterns and more about removing constraints and monitoring medium to long-term performance. Treat rank tracking as a smoke alarm, not a steering wheel.

    Treat rank tracking as a smoke alarm, not a steering wheel.

    The timeless lesson: fix the constraint before anything else

    When SEO is underperforming, there’s usually a constraint acting like a bottleneck. Sometimes it’s content. Sometimes it’s trust and authority. Often, especially on WordPress sites that have grown over time, it’s technical. Old plugins, legacy pages, duplicate URLs, and performance problems have a way of quietly piling up until they become an obstacle.

    Technical SEO isn’t glamorous, but it’s the foundation that makes every other SEO activity more effective. It’s also the layer that stops the site from getting in its own way. If Google cannot reliably crawl your important pages, it doesn’t matter how good the copy is. If the site is slow or unstable on mobile, it doesn’t matter how carefully you’ve optimised headings. If you have duplicate URLs, messy redirects, broken internal links, or bloated scripts, you’re making search harder than it needs to be, and you’re making the experience worse for the people you actually want to convert. Fix the constraint before anything else.

    Fix the constraint before anything else.

    What technical SEO really means in practice

    Technical SEO is the work that makes your website easier for search engines to access, understand, and trust, more performant, and easier for people to use without friction. In plain terms, it usually means getting four things under control.

    The first is indexation and crawl control. You want the right pages indexed, and you want the wrong pages out of the way. That usually means cleaning up sitemaps, making sure canonical signals are consistent, and tidying up duplicate or thin pages that are diluting your message.

    The second is performance and stability. Page speed, Core Web Vitals, image optimisation, caching, and reducing unnecessary scripts all live here. This isn’t just for Google. It’s for the person on a phone with a poor connection who’s trying to get an answer and decide whether they trust you.

    The third is structure. Internal linking, information architecture, and removing dead ends so both people and crawlers can reach the important pages without effort. A surprising number of sites have great pages that are effectively hidden behind poor structure.

    The fourth is risk reduction. Migrations, redesigns, plugin changes, theme rebuilds, and content rollouts can all quietly break things. Technical SEO makes those changes more deliberate, testable, and reversible, which is a big deal when the website is part of your lead pipeline.

    If that sounds broad, it is. The goal isn’t to do everything at once. The goal is to identify what’s limiting your site right now and fix that first.

    How to stay sane when rankings are jumping around

    If rankings feel a bit random, the mindset that keeps teams out of trouble is simple. Treat rank tracking as directional, not as truth. Use it to spot patterns, not to make daily strategic calls.

    Search Engine Roundtable has described periods like this as rankings staying “heated”, with ongoing “daily Google updates”, and “probably smaller core updates” that Google doesn’t want to comment on. That is a good example of why it’s so hard to draw clean conclusions from week to week.

    Then look at signals that matter over longer periods. Search Console, conversion rates, lead quality, and revenue impact will keep you closer to reality than checking positions every morning. Finally, make improvements you’ll still stand by in three months. Favouring clarity, usefulness, credibility, performance, and technical stability is a decision rarely regretted. Make changes you’ll still stand by in three months.

    Make changes you will still stand by in three months.

    Why this matters for small and overstretched teams

    Most of the teams I work with don’t have the luxury of creating and following a new strategy every time Google has a bit of a wobble. They have limited time, limited headspace, and a website that needs to keep working while priorities shift and people come and go. That is where technical debt becomes more than just a technical problem.

    That is why I focus so heavily on technical foundations. The goal is continuity. A technically solid site is easier to maintain, easier to improve, and less likely to fall over when something changes. It also makes every pound you spend on content, PR, and campaigns work harder because the site isn’t leaking value through avoidable technical friction.

    If you want help

    If this resonates, my Technical SEO and optimisation service is designed to do the opposite of “random SEO tasks”. It starts with diagnosis, identifies the constraint, and then fixes the foundations that unlock everything else.

    If you want a calm second opinion before you start changing things, get in touch and we can talk it through. Typically that starts with a quick review of what is happening, then a clear, prioritised plan of what to fix first and what can wait. Feel free to get in touch for a conversation directly by calling 01903 527927 or via my contact page.

    Appendix: links mentioned

  • Should You Buy Multiple Domains for Local SEO?(updated)

    Should You Buy Multiple Domains for Local SEO?(updated)

    0:00
    –:–

    If you’re thinking about buying extra domains like “keyword + town” to rank in more places, you’re not daft. You’ve seen competitors doing it, and it kind of feels like a shortcut that should work, doesn’t it?

    In the past this is a tactic that had been shown to give results, although it also used to work much better than it does now, which is why unfortunately this idea doesn’t seem to be going away.

    However, in modern local SEO, buying more domains is rarely something that generates results. In fact, it often creates technical problems that make it harder to rank, harder to measure what’s working, and harder to improve your site without it turning into a complicated mess the more you add.

    A quick clarification (because “multiple domains” can mean two different things)

    When people talk about “multiple domains for local SEO”, they usually mean one of these:

    • Multiple domains, multiple websites (separate sites, often with similar pages)
    • Multiple domains redirecting to one main website (extra domains pointing to your primary domain)

    The first setup is where the real SEO and technical issues show up. The second is usually fine, but it is not an SEO growth strategy on its own, it’s more something to do if you have a bunch of related domains or domains previously used for the same business and you want to forward all those old links to your new site.

    Why people think this works (and why it usually doesn’t)

    Back in the day, keywords in domains carried more weight, and you could sometimes get traction from exact match domains. Google has moved on, and their guidance has been consistent about this for years.

    Google’s John Mueller has explicitly said that having keywords in a domain name is not going to help you rank for those keywords, and that you do not need to put keywords in the domain name.⁠⁠​

    So if your goal is local visibility, the domain name itself is very rarely the magic ingredient that you’re missing.

    The technical SEO problems multiple domains create (and why they become expensive later)

    Let’s be honest here. Most businesses don’t have the time to maintain one site properly, let alone three or more sites, so multi-domain setups tend to drift into the same predictable issues.

    1) You split authority and signals across domains

    Google treats each domain as its own website. That means links, engagement, and brand signals get scattered. Even if you are doing good work, you are diluting the effort and spreading it thinly, and that is the opposite of how SEO tends to compound.

    A good local SEO setup is usually one strong site that gets stronger over time, not several weaker sites competing with each other for your attention. One reason I think this became a thing back in the day was the attempt to crowd out the top search results with sites which were all owned by you, displacing the competition and driving them down onto page two. What’s the old joke? Where’s the best place to bury a corpse? Page 2 of Google.

    A good local SEO setup is usually one strong site that gets stronger over time

    2) You end up with near-duplicate pages, then indexing gets weird

    This is the big trap. When you have multiple domains, you almost always end up repeating service pages with light edits (because who has time to write genuinely unique content for each site?).

    People talk about “duplicate content penalties” like it is a dramatic punishment. The real issue is more frustrating: Google has to choose which version to index and show, and the versions can end up competing with each other. That can mean a lot of effort for surprisingly little return.

    3) Canonicals, redirects, and sitemaps become a minefield

    Multiple domains multiply the number of places technical SEO can go wrong. In the real world, I usually see issues like:

    • canonical tags pointing to the wrong domain or wrong URL
    • redirect chains (or inconsistent 301 rules)
    • bloated or inconsistent sitemaps
    • Search Console data split across properties, making diagnosis slower and more confusing

    This is the sort of stuff that does not look “broken” on the surface, but it quietly undermines performance.

    4) Tracking becomes unreliable (so you cannot make good decisions)

    If you care about leads, you need to be able to answer basic questions like “Which pages are generating enquiries?” and “Which locations are actually working?” Multiple domains often means tracking is fragmented, and it becomes harder to make changes with confidence in the data.

    What Google actually rewards for local SEO

    Local SEO is largely about helping Google understand:

    • what you do (relevance)
    • where you are, and who you serve (distance and service area signals)
    • whether you are clearly trusted and well-known (prominence)

    A big part of local visibility is your Google Business Profile. If your profile is weak or lacks continuity with the information on your website, it can hold a strong site back. If your profile is strong, it can sometimes carry a mediocre one. I’ve certainly seen this myself, where a new client has a website with poor content but which sees an immediate lift in traffic after the owner creates a business profile linking back to their site.

    Google themselves describe local ranking around relevance, distance, and prominence.⁠⁠​ Schema fits into local SEO as well, but it is worth being clear about what it does. Schema is not a magic “rank me higher” button. It supports clarity and consistency, and it can help search engines interpret your content properly (and in some cases support rich results), but it doesn’t replace good structure, good content, and a properly maintained profile.⁠⁠​

    Schema is not a magic “rank me higher” button

    The better approach: one site, clear structure, proper location pages

    If you want to target multiple towns or areas, you usually do not need multiple websites. You need one well-organised website that makes your coverage obvious and is technically clean.

    Step 1: Commit to one primary domain

    Pick a branded domain and make it your source of truth. It keeps authority, tracking, and maintenance simple, and it makes technical fixes much easier to do properly.

    Step 2: Create a clean location page structure (use fictional examples)

    Pick a pattern and stick to it. For example:

    • /areas/exampletown/
    • /areas/sampleville/
    • /areas/demovillage/

    Or service-first if that fits your site better:

    • /services/website-support/exampletown/
    • /services/technical-seo/sampleville/
    • /services/wordpress-maintenance/demovillage/

    Step 3: Make each location page genuinely useful (not spun)

    If the page is just “same text, different town name”, it is not going to help much.

    Instead, write it for a person in that area. Include a few real specifics so it earns its place, such as local trust signals, practical constraints, the kinds of questions people tend to ask, and a clear next step.

    What a good location page actually needs (so it pulls its weight)

    This is the bit most people get wrong. They create ten location pages, swap the town name in a few headings, and then wonder why nothing happens.

    A location page needs to feel like it was written for someone in that area, and it needs to give Google a clear, non-conflicting signal about what the page is for. If it’s thin, generic, or basically the same as five other pages on your site, you’re not building relevance. You’re building clutter.

    They create ten location pages, swap the town name in a few headings, and then wonder why nothing happens.

    A solid location page usually includes a handful of things that are boring, but effective:

    • Clear local description: what you do in that area, written normally
    • Local proof: a testimonial, a case study, or a real example
    • Practical detail: boundaries, response times, and what you do and don’t cover
    • Internal links: connect properly to your service pages and your “areas you cover” hub
    • Clean setup: unique titles and headings, and no canonical weirdness that makes pages compete

    If you do those consistently, your location pages stop being “SEO pages” and start being proper landing pages that win enquiries.

    Step 4: Keep the technical hygiene tight

    This is the bit that stops local pages leaking performance. When you have multiple location pages, pay attention to:

    • internal linking (avoid orphan pages)
    • titles and headings (avoid duplicates across pages)
    • canonicals (avoid mixed signals)
    • sitemap and indexation (avoid bloat and low-value URLs)

    Do that well and you give Google a clean structure to understand, and you make your own site easier to maintain and improve.

    What about buying extra domains and redirecting them?

    If you already own extra domains, redirecting them can be useful for brand protection or offline marketing. Just don’t expect the redirected domain name itself to give you a local ranking boost.

    Not sure if your setup is helping or hurting? Here’s what I can check quickly

    If you send me your main domain and a list of any extra domains you own, I can usually tell you pretty quickly whether you should consolidate, redirect, clean up canonicals, or fix indexing signals so your site is not fighting itself.

    👉 Book a call if you want a technical second opinion. No pressure. Just practical advice. You can reach me on 01903 527927 or via my contact page.

  • The Six Types of SEO: Which Does Your Website Need in 2026?

    The Six Types of SEO: Which Does Your Website Need in 2026?

    The Six Types of SEO: Which Does Your Website Need in 2026?
    The Six Types of SEO: Which Does Your Website Need in 2026?
    0:00
    –:–

    If you’ve ever asked an agency or freelancer for “SEO help” and ended up walking away with what feels like a list of random tasks, you aren’t alone.

    Something that’s not often communicated clearly, is that SEO isn’t just one thing that stands on its own. SEO is actually a collection of related disciplines that all aim for the same outcome: more qualified traffic from search. Individually though, those related disciplines solve different problems.

    The way people search and engage with search results is changing. AI features are appearing routinely in results and this adds another thing to optimise for, but it really isn’t the be all and end all like some would have you imagine. Fear of missing out is a powerful driver and in a changing search landscape, bad information could lead you to make some bad decisions.( click to skip the article and download a quick guide )

    SEO help shouldn’t feel like a random checklist.

    Not all SEO failures come from bad advice or bad actors though (and the world of SEO has plenty of them). Often, the problem is much simpler: the business invested in the wrong type of SEO for the situation. When that happens, it’s totally understandable that you could feel either that SEO “doesn’t work”, or that you were tricked somehow, when in reality the work done may not have been matched to your circumstances.

    In this article I’ll break down the main types of SEO and explain what each one is focused around achieving. I’ll outline how each approach differs, and most importantly, how you can tell which one your website actually needs right now.

    My goal here is to help you stop guessing, stop wasting time and money on the wrong kind of SEO, and help your website regain the traction it needs to help your business reach its goals.

    SEO is a set of disciplines, not one thing.

    Who is this post for?

    Most of the time I work with businesses and organisations that have small or overstretched marketing teams. It is not about the size of the organisation as much, but about the workload on the staff that are carrying out a mix of marketing and website management tasks. That doesn’t mean that this article won’t help you though, even if you fall outside of that niche.

    So whether you are a marketing lead, a department of one, a founder, or a sole trader, this guide will help you if you have questions like:

    • “Is something wrong with our website, or do we just need better content?”
    • “I know we are on Google, so why isn’t our website ranking for anything useful?”
    • “Why are we showing up in search, but not getting people clicking through to our website?”
    • “What should we pay for first so we don’t waste time and money?”

    If you manage a WordPress or WooCommerce site and you have limited time, this should help you make faster, calmer decisions about what to tackle next. In reality, a lot of this theory applies to any site on any platform. The principles are largely the same. It’s just the implementation that varies.

    SEO in 2026: what’s changed in how people search?

    Traditional search engines still play a dominant role in how people find information online. For most businesses, Google remains the main source of search-driven demand so traditional SEO tasks still remain very important today.

    At the same time, AI-powered discovery and answer experiences are reshaping how users interact with results. More people now start with an AI tool for certain types of questions, and AI summaries on results pages can reduce the number of clicks to websites, especially for informational queries.

    Search will continue to change as more and more people embrace Agentic AI, where searches may be carried out by the AI rather than the user, adding in another curated layer between the results and the person viewing the AI output. How much this is embraced I think will directly relate to how expensive that becomes to use. Already we have seen the roll out of the use of paid for ‘tokens’ to use AI Agents on some platforms. This may actually make the use of AI agents too expensive for the average user of search engines and influence the speed or degree of uptake of that technology.

    Expect fewer clicks per impression in 2026.

    The practical takeaway for small or overstretched marketing teams in 2026 is straightforward. You still need strong visibility in traditional search, but you also need to account for “fewer clicks per impression” in some categories.

    We need to build content that genuinely helps so that we stand out from the noise and the huge rise in AI generated content. We must continue to work on the technical foundations that keep your site easy to crawl, fast to use on any device, and deemed trustworthy once someone does land there.

    All of this makes one thing more important, not less. You cannot afford to treat SEO as a loose collection of tactics. You need a way to decide what actually matters first on your site, where you need to invest and what can wait. A way to triage your SEO needs.

    A simple way to think about SEO

    Like most things, to get the best out of SEO it helps if the work is done in a carefully considered order. Just like building a house, you need a solid foundation before you start worrying about furniture, fixtures and fittings.

    For example, writing better content rarely helps if your important pages aren’t being indexed by the search engines. Equally, you might have great content, but if your site is slow, unstable, or awkward to use, both users and Google will lose patience and your pages will drop lower down the search results (SERPs).

    Fix the constraint before anything else.

    Google’s job is not to reward clever tricks. If like me you’re old enough to remember black hat SEO techniques such as pasting lots of keywords on a page in the same colour as the background, you know how that turns out. Google will eventually cotton on to what you have done and then penalise you.

    Google wants people to have a good experience when they visit a website, find what they actually need, and complete the task they came to do. There are a huge number of factors that Google and other search engines look at when determining where to place your page. Different types of SEO target different groups of those factors, and some of those must be done before the others if impact is to be maximised.

    So rather than thinking about SEO as a grab bag of tactics, it is more useful to think about it as layers. Some layers need to be in place before the next ones can really work properly.

    Here is the order I usually recommend to clients when they ask where to start with SEO:

    1. Technical SEO: Making sure search engines can reliably access, crawl, and understand your site and that pages are fast to download and view.
    2. On-page SEO: Making individual pages clear, focused, and obviously relevant to specific searches.
    3. Content SEO: Building useful depth and coverage around the topics your customers care about.
    4. Off-page SEO: Building trust, authority, and credibility beyond your own website.
    5. Local SEO (when location matters): Making sure you are visible when people search for services in a specific place.
    6. Ecommerce SEO (when you sell products): Handling products, categories, product listings and scale without creating technical or structural problems.

    Let’s look at what each of these SEO layers actually does in practice, and the kinds of problems each one is meant to solve. Here is how each layer works and how to recognise when it is the one you need to focus on.

    1) Technical SEO (the foundation)

    Technical SEO is less about what you see on the screen and more about how quickly you see it. We are thinking about hosting here, how a website is built and its efficiency, information architecture, coding, plugins, themes and optimisation of the assets used on the pages.

    The goal is simple: make it easy for search engines to access the right pages, understand them, and keep the experience strong and fast for users, especially those on mobile. Each tiny improvement we can make here adds up and can make a very significant difference overall.

    What technical SEO usually includes

    Technical SEO can sound scary, but the actual work is normally quite practical. It often includes:

    • Indexation and crawlability checks (sitemaps, robots.txt, crawl errors, redirects)
    • Cleaning up duplicate URLs, auditing and creating redirects and making sure canonical signals are consistent
    • Improving internal linking so important pages aren’t orphaned
    • Performance and page experience work (especially on mobile)

    Performance is a big part of technical SEO in the real world. That can include image sizing and compression, caching, reducing heavy scripts, improving Core Web Vitals, and making sure the site is not fighting itself on slower devices or connections.

    Performance is part of technical SEO.

    A quick example: a WordPress site might be “indexable”, but still struggle because the theme and plugins load too much JavaScript, or because uncompressed images make every page slow. Technical SEO is where you fix the foundations so Google can reliably crawl the site, and users do not bounce while waiting for it to load.

    Signs you probably need technical SEO first

    If your pages are not appearing in Google at all, or if you have had a drop after a redesign, migration, or major theme rebuild, technical SEO is often the first place to look.

    Slow mobile performance can also be a red flag because it often signals wider technical issues that require attention.

    What “good” looks like

    Your important pages index reliably. Google sees one clean version of each page. The site feels stable and fast enough that performance is not the limiting factor.

    If you suspect a technical issue, this is the kind of work I cover in my SEO and Technical Optimisation service, where the focus is on diagnosing constraints first and then fixing the things that actually unblock growth:

    2) On-page SEO (making a page clearly relevant)

    On-page SEO is the work you do on a specific page to make its topic, intent, and next step obvious. It helps Google understand what the page should rank for, and it helps a human quickly decide whether to stay and read more after they have landed there.

    What on-page SEO usually includes

    This work is mostly about clarity and alignment. It often includes improving titles and meta descriptions so they match intent, tightening heading structure so the page is scannable, covering the topic clearly without waffle, and adding internal links to related pages.

    A quick example: if your service page is titled “Home” or “Services”, Google has very little to work with, and the snippet will not earn clicks. A better title and first heading that matches intent (for example, “WordPress maintenance for busy marketing teams”) can change the quality of traffic you attract without changing your offer.

    Signs you probably need on-page SEO next

    If a page is indexed but doesn’t rank, or if you are getting lots of impressions but very few clicks, on-page SEO is often the quickest win. It is also a good place to start if you suspect the page is targeting the wrong query, or the snippet is not very compelling.

    What “good” looks like

    The page is clear, focused, and matches search intent. It earns clicks when it shows up, and it guides the visitor to the next step once they land.

    3) Content SEO (earning relevance through helpful coverage)

    Content SEO is the work of building genuinely useful pages that answer the questions your customers ask before they are ready to buy. It earns you visibility beyond your service pages, and it builds trust and topical relevance over time.

    What content SEO usually includes

    This is the work of building helpful coverage around the questions your customers ask on the way to becoming a customer.

    A practical way to think about it is a pillar and cluster model. You create one strong pillar page for a topic, then write a small set of supporting posts that answer related questions. Each supporting post links back to the pillar, and the pillar links out to the supporting posts.

    Over time, this builds authority in a way that is understandable to humans and to search engines.

    A quick example: instead of only having a “Web Design” page, you create a small cluster around the real questions prospects ask. That might include posts like “How much does a WordPress rebuild cost?”, “What breaks SEO during a redesign?”, and “What should a maintenance retainer include?”. Those pages build trust early, and feed qualified visitors into your core service page.

    Signs you probably need content SEO next

    If your service pages are fine but you are not getting consistent organic leads, content SEO is often the missing layer. Another common sign is that you only rank for your brand name or a small handful of terms, but you do not show up across the wider set of questions your ideal customers are asking.

    What “good” looks like

    A small number of pages consistently bring in the right kind of traffic, and those pages naturally support your service pages by building trust and topical relevance.

    4) Off-page SEO (authority, trust, and reputation)

    Off-page SEO is the work of building credibility signals outside your website that make Google more confident in recommending you. In most markets, that shows up as relevant links, brand mentions, reviews, and other reputation signals.

    What off-page SEO usually includes

    The safest long-term approach is link earning. That means creating genuinely useful resources, doing digital PR, and building partnerships that produce natural mentions over time.

    It is important to be honest here. Off-page SEO is where a lot of snake salespeople live. Buying links is still a thing unfortunately and it’s still incredibly risky as a tactic, and it is directly called out as violating Google’s spam policies. Some firms do well out of buying links for years, then suddenly out of nowhere their site disappears from the search results. Avoid this tactic. It’s just not worth it.

    A quick example: a local business might get mentioned on their trade association site, a supplier partner page, a relevant directory that is actually used in the industry, or local press coverage for a genuine story. Those are the kinds of links that tend to be stable and defensible, because they reflect real-world relationships.

    Signs you probably need off-page SEO next

    You may need off-page SEO if your site is technically solid and your pages are decent, but you consistently lose out to stronger competitors in your niche. This is especially likely if you are doing all the “right things” on-site, but you are stuck behind brands with stronger reputation signals and ‘authority’.

    What “good” looks like

    You earn mentions and links that make sense for your business, and your rankings are not overly dependent on constant link building to stay afloat.

    5) Local SEO (if geography matters)

    Local SEO is the work of making your business visible when someone searches for a service in a specific area. It covers both the map results and the local organic results, and it is heavily influenced by your Google Business Profile and consistency of your business information.

    Even if you do not have walk-in trade at a physical location such as a shop or office, local intent often means “I want someone I can trust nearby”. For many service businesses, mine included, local search can be some of the highest intent traffic that is available to you.

    What local SEO usually includes

    Local SEO usually focuses on your Google Business Profile and ensuring you have the information published about your company is consistent across the web. It looks at your reviews, and making sure that your services and locations are clearly represented on your website.

    A quick example: you might have a great website, but your Google Business Profile is missing services, has the wrong category, or your address formatting differs across listings. Cleaning that up, adding real photos, and building a steady review habit can get you found more quickly than publishing more location optimised blog posts for “service + town” searches.

    Signs you probably need local SEO next

    If you do good work but you do not show up for “service plus town” style searches, local SEO is typically the first fix. It is also worth prioritising if competitors are visible in the map results for your core services, but you are not.

    What “good” looks like

    You show up reliably for the locations you actually serve, your listings and site information are consistent, and reviews support trust rather than being an afterthought.

    6) Ecommerce SEO (if you sell products online)

    Ecommerce SEO is the work of making product and category pages easy to find, easy to understand, and easy to scale. It’s where you deal with the realities of large catalogues, filters, sorting, and internal linking, without letting them create a mess behind the scenes.

    What ecommerce SEO usually includes

    Most of the work is structural and technical. It often includes organising categories in a way that makes sense, improving internal linking, adding useful product data (including schema), and deciding which pages should be indexed, and which ones should not.

    A quick example: in WooCommerce, layered navigation can create lots of URLs like “/category/shoes/?colour=black&size=10&sort=price”. Ecommerce SEO is where you decide which of those views are useful landing pages, and stop the rest from diluting your site’s focus.

    Signs you probably need ecommerce SEO next

    You may need ecommerce SEO if your store has grown, but search performance feels unstable or hard to improve, especially around category pages. It’s also common to see stores that look fine on the surface, but are quietly generating lots of low-value URLs through filters and sorting.

    What “good” looks like

    Your category pages do the heavy lifting, your product pages are easy to crawl and understand, and your site stays focused on the pages that actually deserve to rank.

    How the SEO types work together (and why SEO can feel random)

    SEO really can feel random when you treat it like a disparate list of unrelated tactics or tasks. In reality, as we have discussed, it behaves more like a system. Each layer supports the one that comes after it.

    In practice, layers of SEO tend to fail in quite predictable ways. If technical SEO is shaky, content and links often don’t get a fair shot because Google can’t reliably crawl, index, or trust what it is seeing. If on-page SEO is weak, you can be indexed but still struggle to earn clicks or rankings because the page is vague, mismatched to intent, or hard to scan.

    One weak layer invalidates everything after it.

    Content SEO is where momentum tends to increase. It’s how you build helpful depth around a topic so your service pages aren’t doing all the heavy lifting on their own. Off-page SEO then becomes the differentiator in competitive spaces, because it’s the signal that your site is not only “good”, but trusted.

    Local SEO and ecommerce SEO add extra rules. If location matters, you are also competing through your Google Business Profile, reviews, and consistency of business information across the web. If you sell products, scale introduces technical complexity, and filters and sorting can quietly create a mess that drags performance down.

    This is why diagnostics matter. You don’t need to do everything at once, but you do need to start with the layer that is currently limiting your website.

    Which SEO do you need? A practical decision guide

    This is a simple, repeatable process you can run through any time that you feel stuck.

    It’s not a substitute for talking with an SEO professional. What it will do is help you understand the problem well enough to tell whether the person you are speaking to can competently help you. If nothing else, it makes the early conversations easier, because you can describe what you are seeing, ask better questions, and spot generic advice faster.

    It is worth saying up front that you might not be starting from zero. You may have already done a technical cleanup, had an agency rewrite key pages, or published a run of content. In that case, the question is not “which type of SEO is best”. The question becomes “where am I in the journey, and what is the current limiting factor?”.

    Treat the steps below as an entry point finder. Work through them in order, then jump in at the first step that still feels uncertain or weak. Before you start, choose one “money page” to test against. That might be your main service page, your best category page, or your main location page.

    Step 1: Can Google access, index, and load the pages that matter?

    Check: Are your key pages indexed and staying indexed over time, and do they load fast enough on mobile that users are not bouncing?

    If you have Search Console, a useful place to look is whether your important pages are being indexed cleanly and consistently.

    • If the answer is no, start with Technical SEO. This usually includes indexation, crawlability, redirects, and performance work.
    • If the answer is yes, move to step 2.

    Step 2: Are you being seen, but not chosen?

    Check: In Search Console, are you getting impressions for relevant queries, but very few clicks?

    If the terms look broadly right but the click-through is weak, it often points to a mismatch between the snippet, the page, and what the searcher actually wants.

    • If yes, start with On-page SEO. This is usually intent alignment and snippet work.
    • If no, move to step 3.

    Step 3: Are you close, but not breaking through?

    Check: Are you consistently ranking just outside page one for the searches you care about, even though the pages are decent?

    If you are close but not quite there, it is often about adding depth, improving internal linking, and tightening relevance so Google is more confident in the page.

    • If yes, you often need a mix of Content SEO and better internal linking. In some niches you will also need Off-page SEO to compete.
    • If no, move to step 4.

    Step 4: Does location influence the decision?

    Check: Would a customer realistically choose you based on being nearby, or searching for “service + town”?

    If competitors are visible in the map results for your main service, you are in local SEO territory, even if your website is strong.

    • If yes, Local SEO is not optional.
    • If no, move to step 5.

    Step 5: Are you selling products at scale?

    Check: Do you run WooCommerce (or another ecommerce platform) with categories, filters, and sorting?

    If products, categories, filters, and sorting are involved, ecommerce sites often need extra technical care to avoid duplication and keep the site structure focused.

    • If yes, prioritise Technical SEO and Ecommerce SEO early. Otherwise, it is easy to accidentally create a long tail of duplicate and low-value URLs.

    Step 6: If you still can’t tell, treat it as a diagnosis problem

    These checks help you describe the symptoms. They do not replace a proper audit, because the right fix depends on what is causing the signal.

    If you are still unsure after working through this, that usually means you need a structured diagnosis rather than another round of guesswork.

    A good audit should tell you what to fix first, what can wait, and what will actually move the needle.

    This is symptom spotting, not a full audit.

    A note on AI and content in 2026

    By now, most teams have experimented with AI in some form, whether for outlines, drafts, research or creating some custom code snippets. While AI can help with outlining, drafting, and speeding up production it can also help you publish a lot of content that looks fine but adds no real value.

    Google’s guidance is tool agnostic, it’s not that you or your team may have used AI in production, it’s whether your content has been created primarily to manipulate rankings, or it is scaled content with little originality and added value.

    My rule is simple: if a real person on your team could not confidently put their name to it, it is not ready to publish and site visitors (and subsequently Google) won’t be pleased with it.

    What to ask an SEO provider (so you don’t buy the wrong thing)

    Once you understand these layers, it becomes much easier to spot the difference between a diagnosis-led approach and a generic SEO package that someone is trying to sell you. If you are looking to hire an agency or a freelancer to help you with SEO, this is the part of the article that can save you a lot of time, money, and frustration.

    Most bad SEO experiences do not happen because someone “did SEO wrong”. They happen because the work that was sold did not match the problem the site actually had. Starting with the wrong layer is a good way to waste budget and to end up in that familiar place where you think “SEO just doesn’t work for us”.

    Good SEO starts with diagnosis, not deliverables.

    These questions are designed to help you tell the difference between diagnosis-led SEO and generic, one-size-fits-all SEO.

    A good provider should be able to answer them in plain English and explain their reasoning, not just list tasks.

    1. What is the biggest thing holding our site back right now, and how did you work that out? This tests whether they are starting with diagnosis. If the answer jumps straight to tactics without explaining what layer is broken first, that’s a warning sign.
    2. What needs to be fixed first, and what can wait? This checks whether they understand SEO as a sequence, not a bundle of unrelated jobs. You want to hear a clear order of work, not “we will do a bit of everything”.
    3. How will we know this is working, and when will we review it? SEO isn’t instant, but there should be some kind of timeline for guidance. Even if it’s really loose. You should agree in advance what progress looks like, whether that is indexation improving, rankings moving for defined searches, or more leads from organic traffic.
    4. What will you change on the site, and how will you avoid breaking anything? Especially on WordPress, it matters who is touching what. A good provider should be clear about what will be edited, what will be tested, and how changes will be rolled back if something goes wrong.
    5. What is in scope, and what is not? “SEO” can quietly turn into ‘everything’. Make sure you know whether the work includes technical fixes, content changes, implementation, and reporting, or whether it is advice only.
    6. How do you think about authority and links, and when do they matter? This checks whether they treat links as a later layer, not a default first move. If paid links are presented as the starting point, be very cautious (read this as, run a mile). In most cases, links make more sense once the foundations and pages themselves are solid. But, never buy links, you will regret it.

    If you get clear, thoughtful answers to these questions, you are already in a much safer position. This is the difference between SEO as a checklist of tasks and SEO as a diagnosis-led process with a clear, prioritised plan.

    How we could work on this together

    If you are an overstretched marketing team, the fastest win is gaining clarity about what needs fixing first.

    I start by identifying which layer of SEO is actually limiting your site right now. From there, we build a prioritised plan so you are not paying for work that cannot help yet. That usually means a short diagnostic phase, a clear list of quick wins and longer-term fixes, and support implementing changes in WordPress without breaking things.

    If you want to explore that approach, the best next step is to get in touch with me for a chat about your situation. Call me directly on 01903 527927 or via my contact page.

    Quick SEO Decision Guide
    (click image to download)

  • What It Really Costs to Run a WordPress Website in 2026

    What It Really Costs to Run a WordPress Website in 2026

    What It Really Costs to Run a WordPress Website in 2026
    What It Really Costs to Run a WordPress Website in 2026
    0:00
    –:–

    Now that we have fully eased into 2026 I thought it was time to look again at the costs of running and maintaining a website. I last looked at this topic back in 2019 and I can’t quite believe how quickly that time has passed. Now, seven years on, I thought it was time for an update, partly because the numbers have changed, but mostly because the landscape has shifted significantly.

    I’m going to discuss what’s changed, what’s stayed the same, and how much you should actually be budgeting for your website in 2026 and beyond. If you want to go straight to the up to date figures and skip the discussion click here.

    What people were paying in 2019

    My baseline example back then was for a low traffic small business website on a SiteGround shared hosting package. The total annual costs broke down to about £1,041, or £87 a month.

    That covered:

    • Shared hosting at £18/month
    • SSL certificate at £52/year
    • Dedicated IP for £24/year
    • Wordfence Premium at £78/year
    • Yoast SEO Premium at around £95/year
    • Website maintenance at £48/month

    For most small businesses, that felt manageable. Not cheap to some admittedly, but reasonable for a secure, maintained, properly optimised website with reliable support on hand. In 2026 everything has changed, and surprisingly in some regards, for the better. Let’s look at each element of running a website in a bit more depth to see what we need to consider today.

    Hosting

    What it cost in 2019: SiteGround shared hosting ran about £18 a month (£216 annually). You got basic resources, cPanel access, and enough power for a small business site with modest traffic levels.

    What’s changed: Hosting costs haven’t just increased, the offerings have become more comprehensive and adaptable to your needs. Your choice isn’t focused around which provider to use anymore, it’s about which type of hosting fits your actual needs and budget.

    Shared hosting such as the one we chose in 2019 hasn’t disappeared. For small business websites with modest traffic it’s still a perfectly viable choice. Budget shared hosting from providers like Hostinger or Namecheap runs £60-120 a year. You get limited support and basic features, but for a brochure site with light traffic, it does the job. Just be aware that some of these cheaper hosting providers can be very slow on the backend, which can make maintenance of your website more time consuming and potentially more expensive. A saving here may be offset by those increased costs.

    Hosting costs haven’t just increased, the offerings have become more comprehensive and adaptable

    Premium shared hosting from providers like SiteGround or Krystal cost more, £180-360 a year for a basic package, but you get better support and a larger share of the server resources. For a business site that needs reliability without breaking the bank, it’s a solid choice.

    I use SiteGround for all my own sites and client work unless they have a different preferred supplier. The servers are quick, which means site maintenance takes less time, and their support team helps me resolve issues efficiently. Crucial when keeping customers in the loop. If you want to see what SiteGround offers, here’s my referral link to Siteground. Full transparency: if you sign up through it, I receive a few months of free hosting. That doesn’t influence my recommendation in any way, and if at any time they are no longer my preferred hosting provider, I’ll say so here.

    SSL Certificates

    What it cost in 2019: Approximately £52 a year for a standard SSL certificate. This wasn’t just about showing a padlock icon in the browser bar. SSL encrypts data passing between your website and visitors, protecting form submissions, logins, and transactions. For any genuine business operating online, this was non-negotiable.

    What’s changed: SSL certificates are essentially free now, and it’s one of the most noticeable cost reductions in web hosting over the past decade. Let’s Encrypt, a non-profit certificate authority, fundamentally disrupted the SSL industry by providing free, automated certificates that are just as secure as the paid ones. By 2019, they were issuing over a billion certificates, and virtually every hosting provider had integrated free SSL into their packages.

    SSL certificates are essentially free now

    That £52 saving is real, but the bigger win is the reduction in friction. Setting up SSL used to involve certificate signing requests, validation emails, and manual installation. Now it happens automatically in the background and renews itself when it expires.

    SSL has gone from a necessary annual expense to a free, automatic feature of modern hosting. That’s genuinely good news and has removed a significant barrier for small businesses who want to operate securely online.

    Dedicated IP Addresses

    What it cost in 2019: £24 a year. Back then, if you wanted SSL on shared hosting, you also needed a dedicated IP address. It was an annoying extra cost but often necessary.

    Dedicated IP addresses have become obsolete for most sites now thanks to SNI (Server Name Indication) technology. SNI allows multiple SSL certificates to coexist on a single IP address and now that it’s so widely supported, the problem that made dedicated IPs necessary simply doesn’t exist anymore.

    There are niche cases where a dedicated IP address may be required though such as if you’re running your own email server. But for the vast majority of small to medium business websites, dedicated IPs are unnecessary. That’s another £24 knocked off your annual hosting costs.

    Security & Firewall

    I’m not going to go into the ‘do you need a security plugin?’ argument here. That’s a potentially long blog post in itself, but suffice to say, people feel happier when they have a security plugin telling them that everything is OK. So, we included that cost in 2019. Back then Wordfence Premium was £78 a year. That got you real-time threat defence, country blocking, and regular malware scans.

    In 2026 Wordfence Premium has gone up to £143 a year (inc VAT). That’s roughly 83% inflation over seven years, which reflects both general inflation and the increased sophistication of threats requiring constant development.

    People feel happier when they have a security plugin telling them that everything is OK

    Security never stands still though and there is an ecosystem of security services that simply didn’t exist, or weren’t necessary in 2019. Advanced security and firewall services from Cloudflare Pro or Sucuri now cost another £15-25 monthly on top of your plugin-based security. For sites handling sensitive data or significant traffic, these can be considered part of the baseline requirements.

    SEO Tools

    In 2019 Yoast SEO Premium was around £95 a year. It gave you readability analysis, internal linking suggestions, and redirect management for that licence fee.

    What’s changed: Yoast is now £114 a year (inc VAT), which represents about 20% inflation over seven years. SEO tools have remained relatively stable in cost considering the increased functionality. If you were paying attention to on-page SEO in 2019, you’re paying a bit more now but getting considerably more features.

    Although back then Yoast was the no brainer, today there are many more plugins and services available such as Rankmath which some now favour over Yoast. Rankmath Business plan costs about £320 a year (approximately $400 USD at current exchange rates).

    Email Deliverability

    What it cost in 2019: This section didn’t really exist for small businesses. Most company sites just used their hosting provider’s mail server and hoped for the best.

    What’s changed: Email deliverability has become a real cost centre. If your website sends transactional emails such as password resets, contact form submissions, order confirmations, it’s common to benefit from or be required to use a dedicated email delivery service.

    Email deliverability has become a real cost centre

    Services like SendGrid or Mailgun run anywhere from free (for very low volumes) to £30 a month depending on how many emails you send. This wasn’t on the average small business’ radar in 2019, but try running a WooCommerce store or a membership site without one in 2026. Your emails will very likely end up in your customers’ spam bin.

    Compliance & Cookie Consent

    What it cost in 2019: GDPR was new, and most sites were scrambling to add cookie banners. Free plugins existed, but they were clunky and difficult to configure.

    What’s changed: Compliance tools for cookie consent and GDPR now cost £5-15 a month if you want something that actually works properly and stays updated with changing regulations. The free options still exist but they are dwindling and they’re often out of date or missing features you may need.

    Uptime & Performance Monitoring

    What it cost in 2019: Most small businesses probably didn’t worry about this too much. If the website went down, they’d find out when a customer called to complain.

    What’s changed: Uptime monitoring from services like UptimeRobot Pro or Pingdom have become more restrictive about how the services are used and to get around those ‘personal site only’ restrictions now costs £5-10 monthly.

    Uptime monitoring services have become more strict about how they are used

    This is another cost that didn’t really exist for small businesses in 2019 as free services were much more usable. Now, if you’re running ecommerce or taking bookings, you need to know immediately when something breaks not three hours later when you check your inbox.

    Website Maintenance

    What it cost in 2019: I was charging £48 a month for basic website maintenance for a typical small business website. That covered monthly core and plugin updates, security monitoring, database optimisation and site backups. Disaster recovery was an additional cost that was incurred if it was used.

    What’s changed: Maintenance rates have adjusted to reflect the increased complexity and the actual value of the work as well as rising costs. Current rates run £70-120 a month for essential care or enhanced care. Full site management is also available from £450 a month and enables small or overstretched teams to simply hand off management of their site entirely.

    This model works particularly well for small marketing teams and SMEs who need consistent website support without hiring a full-time developer.

    What Should You Actually Budget?

    Although there are common patterns across websites, your site is unique with its own requirements. The costings below give you a rough starting point, but the reality is that you’ll pick your own blend of services and products depending on what your site actually needs.

    Micro Business (Brochure Site)

    Sole traders, very small businesses, static content sites

    • SiteGround GrowBig (renewal price + VAT): £345/year
    • SSL certificate: £0 (Let’s Encrypt via hosting)
    • Wordfence security: £0 (Free version)
    • Yoast SEO: £0 (Free version)
    • Email deliverability: £0 (basic hosting email)
    • Compliance/cookies: £0 (free plugin)
    • UptimeRobot monitoring: £0 (Free plan)
    • ICW Digital Essential Care: £840/year (£70/month)

    Total: £1,185/year (£99/month)

    Small Business (Active Web Presence)

    Small businesses, blogs, basic ecommerce

    • SiteGround GrowBig (renewal price + VAT): £345/year
    • SSL certificate: £0 (Let’s Encrypt via hosting)
    • Wordfence Premium (renewal + VAT): £143/year
    • Yoast SEO Premium (+ VAT): £114/year
    • Email deliverability (SendGrid/Mailgun): £230/year
    • Compliance tools (CookieYes): £71/year
    • UptimeRobot Solo (+ VAT): £92/year
    • ICW Digital Essential Care: £840/year (£70/month)

    Total: £1,835/year (£153/month)

    Established Business (WooCommerce, High Traffic)

    Active ecommerce, significant traffic, business-critical sites

    • SiteGround Cloud Jump Start (renewal + VAT): £864/year
    • SSL certificate: £0 (Let’s Encrypt via hosting)
    • Wordfence Care (renewal + VAT): £566/year
    • Yoast SEO Premium (+ VAT): £114/year
    • Email deliverability: £1036/year
    • Compliance tools: £71/year
    • UptimeRobot Solo (+ VAT): £92/year
    • ICW Digital Enhanced Care: £1,440/year (£120/month)

    Total: £4,183/year (£349/month)

    What About Larger Operations?

    High-traffic sites, complex WooCommerce setups, and mission-critical systems require significantly higher investment often £500-1,000+ monthly for hosting alone, plus specialist security, performance optimization, and dedicated support. Those requirements sit beyond the scope of this article.

    Potential Hidden Costs

    The tiers above cover your software subscriptions and hosting, but there are three cost categories that catch people by surprise because they’re harder to quantify upfront.

    Incident Response and Troubleshooting

    Even with good website maintenance in place, websites occasionally need troubleshooting beyond routine updates. Plugin conflicts, obscure bugs, or unexpected behaviour after a WordPress core update all require investigation. At £70 an hour, a two-hour incident every quarter adds £560 to your annual costs. That’s manageable if incidents truly are occasional, but if you’re constantly firefighting small issues, those hours accumulate quickly. This is where the value of proper maintenance becomes clear. It’s not just about applying updates, it’s about catching problems before they become expensive emergencies.

    Opportunity Cost of Internal Management

    Then there’s the cost you probably aren’t tracking at all. Every hour your marketing manager or office administrator spends wrestling with WordPress is an hour they’re not doing their actual job. For a £35,000 salary, that’s roughly £20 an hour in lost productivity. If they’re spending five hours a month dealing with WordPress tasks, form spam, broken plugins, or trying to work out why something stopped working, that’s £1,200 a year in opportunity cost. The question isn’t whether you can manage WordPress yourself. The question is whether it’s the best use of your time or your team’s time. For most small businesses, it isn’t.

    Recovery and Rebuilding Costs

    Recovery from a hack or site failure is where costs spiral quickly. Expect significant expenses that relate directly to the size and complexity of your website if you don’t have clean, tested backups.

    Simple brochure site: Average rebuild £1,500-3,000, high-end rebuild £3,000-5,000

    Small business site with custom features: Average rebuild £3,000-6,000, high-end rebuild £6,000-10,000

    WooCommerce store with custom functionality: Average rebuild £5,000-8,000, high-end rebuild £8,000-15,000 or more

    These figures don’t include all the sales you lose while the site is down, or the stress of dealing with an emergency or the damage to your brand value. Prevention through regular maintenance and proper backups really is cheaper than the cure.

    Optional Tools Worth Considering

    Beyond the baseline costs in the tiers above, you might eventually need additional tools depending on what your business does and how your site evolves. The key word here is “eventually.” Don’t subscribe to these preemptively.

    If you’re actively working on SEO, rank tracking tools like SE Ranking or Ahrefs (£60-180/month) help you measure progress and spot ranking problems before they cost you traffic. For most small businesses starting out though, free Google Search Console tells you enough. Upgrade to paid tools only when you’re ready to act on the data they provide.

    If you’re running WooCommerce, you’ll probably need better form handling at some point. Premium form plugins (£40-150/year) give you proper validation, conditional logic, and payment integration. Booking systems (£100-300/year) become essential if you take appointments. Stock photography subscriptions (£10-40/month) pay for themselves when you’re regularly updating product ranges and need consistent, professional imagery although AI generated images are getting good enough to use in some instances.

    AI generated images are getting good enough to use in som instances

    If you’re drowning in form spam or need complex multi-step forms, premium form builders like Gravity Forms or WPForms pay for themselves quickly in time saved. The free versions work fine until they don’t, and you’ll know when you hit that point.

    If you’re scaling your marketing, email platforms start free but grow to £10-50/month as your subscriber list expands. CRM integrations that connect your website to your customer database typically run £20-100/month depending on complexity. These become worthwhile when manual data entry is eating hours of your week.

    The pattern here is clear. Start with your tier’s baseline costs. Add tools only when you’ve identified a specific problem they solve or a bottleneck they remove. If you’re not sure whether you need something, you probably don’t need it yet. The biggest waste I see is businesses subscribing to multiple SEO tools, a number of different page builders, and premium versions of plugins they likely dont need, use, or which could be replaced by a simple bit of code by a developer.

    Focus on reliability first. Secure hosting, regular maintenance, good backups. Everything else can be added as genuine needs arise, not as preventive measures against problems you might never have.

    Add tools only when you’ve identified a specific problem they solve or a bottleneck they remove

    Final Thoughts

    Website costs in 2026 are higher than 2019. But you’re also getting improved capability, better security, and if you pick the right host, much better support.

    The biggest shift isn’t the numbers as much as the options available to you. You can run a small business site for £99 a month or invest several hundred pounds monthly in robust infrastructure. The question is which is right for your business and the needs of your site.

    My advice? Don’t cheap out on hosting if your website matters to your business. But also don’t overspend on infrastructure you don’t need. Match your hosting tier to your traffic and business model.

    And most importantly: budget properly for ongoing website maintenance. The software subscriptions are the easy part. The ongoing care and feeding of a WordPress site is where the real cost and value lies.

    Questions About Your Specific Situation?

    If you’re unsure whether your current setup is fit for purpose, or if you’re trying to budget for a new site call me directly on 01903 527927 or get in touch via my contact page.

    No obligation, just honest advice.

  • Web Design Terminology Explained: A Comprehensive Glossary

    Web Design Terminology Explained: A Comprehensive Glossary

    Unfortunately in the world of web design it is true that both web designers and businesses can use terms and phrases which either mean different things to each party or which are simply not understood by the clients.

    My name is Paul Edwards, I am a web consultant and frontend developer based in Worthing, West Sussex. Today I answer the question “What are the frequently misunderstand niche terms used by a web designer?”

    I have provided this glossary with the aim that it may help you understand the wonderful language of web designers. Should you not find the term that you are looking for or would like to discuss a particular communication in a bit more depth you can call me on 0193 527927 and I will be happy to help.


    A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N – O – P – Q – R – S – T –U – V – W – X – Y – Z


    A

    Above/Below the fold

    The fold is a term which originated in the newspaper and print industry. The fold was the part of the paper that got folded. And Above the fold refers to the copy which was visible above the folded/hidden portion of the paper. Any content not visible was referred to as Below the fold.

    These terms have moved from the print industry into the web industry where the terms now refer to content on a page visible above the bottom of the screen being used and the content not seen without scrolling the page. In the below image the orange line represents the bottom of the screen or what would be the fold in the middle of a newspaper.

    Screenshot of Wikipedia page showing definition of 'Above the fold'

    Accessibility

    Accessibility refers to making website content easy to consume by as many people as possible including those who may have special requirements due to physical or mental impairments or conditions which differ how content may be perceived.

    Examples of improving accessibility include high contrast and low contrast colour schemes. Formatting to make it easy for those using screen readers to navigate and listen to page content. There is a law in the UK governing accessibility and you can read more about accessibility at the UK Gov website or at the W3C introduction to accessibility.

    Analytics

    Data/statistics about your website, how it is viewed, devices used to view the site and demographic information. Analytics data is important in helping decide strategy, what content is successful/unsucessful and in identifying  changing habits of users. Analytics are often viewed in some kind of software interface such as Google Analytics. Analytics are often tied to advertising campaigns, social media content, and can be used to track traffic generated by those campaigns and content.

    API

    A set of rules that allows different software entities to communicate with each other, facilitating interactions between different software applications.

    Back to Top


    B

    Backend

    Although this is a gross simplification, when web designers refer to the frontend they refer to what is seen. When they refer to the backend they refer to what is unseen. Backend developers tend to be directly involved at a server level and working on the software and databases that power the website which displays the frontend. Frontenders design and style the visible content of a website and get involved in building themes and working on front end features and functions. Typical backend languages can include (but are not limited to) Java, PHP, Ruby on Rails, Python, and .Net.

    Backlink

    A link to your website or content from another website.

    Backup

    A copy of your website database and/or files. There are lots of different types of backups, some created by plugins in WordPress and others created manually via a PHP admin interface, ftp or software installers like Installatron or Softaculous (on cpanel). Backups should be run before and after any significant change so that your website can be restored should something go wrong and your site or part of your site is lost or defaced. Ideally backups are carried out at frequent intervals as part of a website maintenance plan.

    Useful resources:

    10 simple steps to bulletproof wordpress backups

    Do you do these 10 things during website maintenance?

    Why you need a website maintenance plan for your WordPress website

    How often should you backup your website?

    Bounce

    A bounce describes the act of a website visitor arriving at a page and then leaving without interacting with any other links on the page. A high bounce rate can be indicitive of problems with your content and/or usability of your website.

    Bounce rate is a key statistic which is measured by analytics packages such as Google Analytics. Google provide more information about bounce rate here.

    Breadcrumb

    A text device that shows the location of the page you are currently viewing in the site hierarchy.Breadcrumbs are text links often seperated by arrows or some kind of visual device which indicates what level of a website hierarchy the page you are viewing is at. Here is an example:

    Homepage>Main Category>Sub Category>Product

    Normaly the link farthest to the right is the page you would be looking at with each link to the left being one higher level in the hierarchy of the website.

    Back to Top


    C

    Cache

    Websites often have software caching programmes and servers often have both caching hardware and software. Caches temporarily store information for rapid retreival to cut down on the time taken to deliver that information. Caches dramatically speed up the delivery of website and that caching can occur at multiple levels from server, website and the users browser.

    Typical WordPress caching plugins in use:

    WP Optimize (I use this a lot)

    WP Rocket

    WP Super Cache (built by the people that make WordPress)

    W3 Total Cache

    SG Optimiser (requires Siteground hosting)

    CDN (Content Delivery Network)

    A system of distributed servers that deliver pages and other web content to a user based on the geographic locations of the user, the origin of the webpage, and a content delivery server.

    CMS (Content Management System)

    CMS stands for Content Management System, a software platform that allows easy management of website content. Often ‘drag and drop’ in nature, CMS’s are easy for non-web professionals to use without specialist knowledge.

    WordPress is one of the most popular content management systems on the planet and it is responsible for delivering about a third of all websites in existence. Originally starting out as a blogging platform, WordPress is one of the easiest CMS for clients to use as it has an easy to navigate dashboard and content creation interface.  Because WordPress is quick to setup and easy to work on it tends to be popular with small to medium enterprises that have limited marketing budgets. Find out more about WordPress here.

    Drupal is often called a content management system but to be honest it is more of a framework for building bespoke content management systems. Drupal can literally do anything but can have a steep learning curve although that is improving. Very suitable for large data sets or large numbers of users.

    There are many other CMS’s available but in my opinion these are the main two worth your consideration and which have the best community support and a wide number of agencies and freelancers available to support you.

    Content

    The words, images, branding and files included on a web page for consumption by visitors.

    Content marketing

    This term relates to the creation and sharing of content online in order to build awareness of a brand. Content marketing can include the following activities:

    • Building and optmising landing pages
    • Guest blogging
    • A/B testing
    • Searching for broken links in articles and offering your own content as replacement
    • Social media posts
    • Webinars
    • Paid advertising
    • Live video
    • Mapping content to pain points

    Copyright-free images

    Images which are provided for use by others although the copyright for the image may remain with the original owner. Copyright-free images are often free to use but may require some kind of credit for the image displayed.

    I really enjoy using a website called Pexels.com as they have some really high quality images which are all free to use.

    CSS

    Your web designer may refer to stylesheets or CSS. CSS or Cascading Style Sheets contain the code which applies visual styling to the content on a web page. CSS uses classes and id’s which are added to HTML to style how the content in the HTML appears. An example of a simple bit of CSS:

    .text-large {

    font-size: 30px;

    }

    The above code will make any text which has the class ‘text-large’ applied to it 30 pixels high.

    The HTML end applied to a paragraph of text would look like this:

    <p class=”text-large”>Content text goes here</p>

    Back to Top


    D

    Deliverable

    A deliverable is an item which is ‘delivered’ to a client as part of a contract. Typical deliverables may include:

    • Wireframes
    • Static visuals
    • Responsive mockups viewable in a browser
    • Strategy documents
    • Statistics
    • Branding guide
    • Logo pack

    Digital format

    Often a term used to describe the fact that an image has been taken, created or converted to a digital format via a digital process. Digital cameras produce digital format images. A pdf document of terms and conditions would be a digital format document.

    Typical digital image types are:

    • GIF
    • JPG or JPEG
    • PNG
    • BMP
    • TIFF
    • RAW
    • SVG

    Typical digital file types are:

    • PDF
    • XML
    • HTML
    • RTF
    • TXT
    • DOC
    • XLS

    Typical digital video file types:

    • AVI
    • FLV
    • WMV
    • MOV
    • MP4

    Discovery (discovery phase)

    Discovery is one of the first stages of a new website project with a client. The discovery phase is scaled to the needs of the project but broadly, includes:

    • Research
    • Analysis
    • Technical audits
    • Competitor research
    • Strategy
    • User journeys
    • Customer research
    • Site mapping
    • Content planning

    Downloading

    The act of transferring a file from a website or online source to a local device such as a computer or phone. Files can be downloaded from a website by clicking on a link, right clicking on an image or file or by downloading directly from a server using FTP and an FTP client.

    Drupal

    Drupal is an opensource content management system which is used to build, manage and maintain websites.

    Back to Top


    F

    Favicon

    The small image displayed in a browser tab which represents/identifies what website is being viewed in that tab. Favicons can also be used and displayed as shortcuts.

    The favicon for this website can be seen in the tab you have open now. It should look something like this:

    Frontend

    Frontend refers to the visible part of a website and the files and technology that contributes towards showing that website.
    A frontend developer gets involved in coding templates and working on stylesheets and functions using languages such as HTML, CSS, JAVA and JQuery and PHP.

    FTP

    FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol and is the most common way of transfering files to and from remote devices such as servers and computers.

    FTP Client

    FTP clients are software designed to help users connect their computer to a server by providing an easy to use interface that stores login credentials for accounts and creates a visual bridge between local storage and online storage. Often a client will provide syncing tools and more. You should be aware that you need to use SFTP if you require secure transfer of files.

    Commonly used FTP clients available are:

    Back to Top


    H

    Heavy (that page is heavy)

    A webpage can be described as heavy if it is bulky and takes up a higher than expected amount of server space. An image can also be described as heavy if it has not been optimised for viewing online and is many megabytes in size.

    The average web pages size in 2019 is 3.29MB which is in my opinion huge. I try to ensure any page is below 1MB and I would describe any page over 1MB as heavy.

    In terms of images on a page, I try to have any regular image below 50k and any banner image below 150kb. Anthing above 200kb is ‘heavy’ using my frame of reference.

    Avoiding heavy pages and images is really important not only so that visitors have a page load quickly in their browsers or on their mobile phones but also because page speed is now a factor in where a site ranks in search engine results. As a rule, pages with a smaller overal size load faster and rank higher.

    Hit

    A hit is a request recieved by a server to display an item on a webpage such as an image. One page may generate many hits but still only be classed as one visit.

    HTML

    Hypertext markup language. It is the language used to present content in a webpage. For more information about HTML please have a look at this Wikipedia entry.

    Back to Top


    L

    Landing page

    A landing page is a page on a website which is designed to be presented to people who may be clicking on an advert elsewhere or be part of a sales funnel. A landing page is normally crafted to have minimal distraction and links away from it to encourage a visitor to carry out a particular task.

    Landing pages can be hand crafted in code or by using plugins in WordPress such as:

    Most plugins that create landing pages are premium in nature and this means that you will have to pay a subscription or license fee to use them.

    Lazy Loading

    A design pattern commonly used in web development that defers the loading of non-critical resources at page load time, instead loading these assets as needed when they enter the viewport (visible part of the web page).

    Back to Top


    M

    Meta tags

    Meta tags describe something about a webpage such as what it is about, when it was created, and what keywords might be relevant. Commonly used meta tags are:

    • Title tag
      The title of your page displayed to visitors and search engines. The visible number of charactors in Google is between 55 and 64.
    • Meta descritpion
      The summary of a web page. The visible number of characters in Google is up to 160.
    • Alt tag
      Text which explains what an image is so that screen readers can understand and those that view sites as text only know what content should be in that place. Search engines also use Alt tags as they cannot ‘see’ images.
    • Robots meta tag
      Tells search engines and other crawlers whether it should index or follow a page.

    Microinteractions

    Small, single-purpose interactions that enhance the user experience in an app or website, such as the reaction of a button when clicked or a loading animation.

    Mobile First

    A method of designing a website for mobile phones first, and then adding extra layers of styling and function for other devices with larger screens later.

    Mockup

    A mockup can sometimes be a static visualisation of how a website is proposed to look. Sometimes a mockup can be interactive and created using specialist software tools or even be a live (but limited) website viewable in a browser.

    Back to Top


    N

    NDA

    An NDA is an abbreviation of Non-Disclosure Agreement. An NDA is normally an agreement that dictates what and when both parties in a contract can and cannot disclose certain information about the agreement to third parties.

    Often when an agency sub-contracts work to a freelancer they use an NDA to restrict the freelancer from telling third-parties about the project unless there is a genuine need to do so such as employing another third-party to complete a task. This means that freelancers often cannot use work they completed under NDA in their portfolios.

    NDA’s often include some kind of penalty that may be imposed should and NDA be ‘broken’ by either side.

    Back to Top


    P

    PDF

    Portable document format created by Adobe Corporation. PDF’s have commonly been used for creating small file size documents with limited editing ability or some kind of password enabled security feature. PDF’s have been used online for downloadable documents for many years but their popularity has perhaps started to dwindle in recent years.

    Pen testing

    An abbreviation of Penetration Testing. Ethical hackers can try to penetrate your website and/or server with the intention of uncovering security flaws so that they can be removed/fixed.

    Plugin

    The blogging platform WordPress which has morphed over time into a Content Management system allows the use of additional small bits of software called plugins to extend functionality. Other CMS’s like Drupal also use similar software extensions but call them Modules.

    Prod (short for production)

    Prod refers to the live website available to the public. Developers and designers often repeat the mantra “dont edit prod”. Instead of making edits to a production site, we can do those edits on a development or staging website. Staging sites are copies of the live site which can be worked on and then the changes can be ‘sent live’ once they are approved.

    Progressive Web App (PWA)

    A type of application software delivered through the web, built using common web technologies including HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, intended to work on any platform that uses a standards-compliant browser.

    Back to Top


    R

    Responsive

    The ability of a web page to change size and shape to fit the screen size and orientation of the device being used to view it. An analogy is often used of pouring water into different shape containers. The water adopts the shape of the vessel into which it is poured. Responsive web design attempts to achieve the same with a web page being viewed on screens of varying sizes and proportions.

    Back to Top


    S

    Scope Creep

    Scope creep describes when additional requirements are added into the project that were not in the project brief. If not handled efficiently and appropriately, scope creep can cause a project to exceed budget and deadline.

    Proper pre-project discovery and discussion with the client to inform the brief can help avoid scope creep. Where despite best efforts it does occur, it should be addressed early and where appropriate schedule the additional works to be completed after the main contract or cancel the existing contract and start a new one with the new features included with amendments made to timeline and budget.

    SEO

    Search engine optimisation. A method of altering the structure and content of web pages to improve their chances of being found higher up in the search engine results pages for a chosen set of keywords relevant to those pages. SEO is based upon a combination of information made public by search engines such as Google and experimentation. If anyone gaurantees to put you on page one of Google, be sceptical. There are no gaurantees.

    SSL

    Secure socket layer. A security method for creating an encrypted link between a web server and a browser. You will often hear web designers talking about SSL certificates which you can purchase to create a secure connection to your website. SSL certificates are essential if you recieve or send any important, personal or sensitive information via your website.

    Once only found on websites taking payments online, SSL certificates are fast becoming the norm for all new websites as visitors have more trust in sites that use them. Google has also revealed that sites with SSL certificates may get a small bump in the search engine listings.

    I recommend that all websites use an SSL certificate. Some common SSL certificate vendors are:

    Staging (edited)

    A live but restricted access copy of your website on which changes and edits can be made and tested prior to pushing those changes to your live (production) site. Cheap hosting packages dont often come with staging sites but these are easily created on a subdomain or alternatively if you purchase a more fully featured hosting package you may find that a staging site function comes built into the management dashboard.

    Static layout

    A static layout is a mockup which uses a fixed-width page size which does not respond/change to screen size. Static layouts are reducing in practicallity since the rise the use of mobile devices because they do not show the responsive nature of content. It is possible however to create multiple static visuals for each likely screen size and type that will be in use. Personally I find this takes longer than to create a basic responsive mockup in the browser for clients to view. As such, I dont generate static layouts for projects anymore.

    Back to Top


    U

    UX

    Short for User Experience. If you want to learn about user experience I suggest you have a look at the website of Paul Boag, a User Experience Consultant who has worked for many large and well known brands. Paul has lots of articles and guides on his site and frequently runs courses about user experience related topics.

    Back to Top


    W

    Website Maintenance

    The ongoing work that is required to keep a website current. Modern websites that run on a CMS such as WordPress require ongoing updates to the core software and the additional extensions (called plugins) to fix security flaws and bugs that are identified by users and developers. I recommend monthly website maintenance to keep your website resilient to hackers and bug/error-free.

    White label

    When a freelancer, contractor or agency carry out work for another party and remain invisible to the client. The work is then presented as work completed by the person employing the sub-contractor. Many small agencies sub-contract work to freelancers on a white-lable basis and in most of these instances, the sub-contractor is not allowed to show that work in portfolios. Such activity is often goverend by an NDA (non-disclosure agreement).

    White space

    The empty space around content on a web page. White space is a good thing! White space helps bring focus to elements on the page and can be used to help create visual hierarchy and a sense of priority.

    Widget

    An editable and reusable block of content on a WordPress website which shows up in ‘sidebars’. Sidebars can be added to areas of a page such as footers, headers etc. giving the site owner the ability to easily edit information that can be found in more than one place. Sidebards do not have to be displayed in the ‘side’ of a page but can be added anywhere by the web designer.

    Wireframe

    A very quick and often rough line drawing of a web page and its content areas to help clients and themes visualise how a webpage should look.
    Often those that build web pages are given a set of wireframes and/or static visuals to base their designs upon.

    WordPress

    WordPress is a content management system. Approximately 30% of the world’s websites are built and managed using WordPress.

    Back to Top

  • The Three-Month Verdict: Lessons from Our WordPress Maintenance Experiment

    The Three-Month Verdict: Lessons from Our WordPress Maintenance Experiment

    Blog Audio: Read/listen time: 9 minutes

    A little over 3 months ago I set up a test website with no intention of maintaining it. I posed the question, “Will it get hacked? Will it end up selling dodgy pharmaceuticals or will it just soldier on forever?”.

    Now, 3 months on, I’ve got another update with data and insights for you. In the last (2-month) update I outlined how although I expected the experiment to find in favour of maintenance, I wasn’t entirely prepared for the results that I would get so early on. Our 3-month update will allow us to see whether trends have continued.

    So, 3 months into the experiment, let’s see what has happened. This post expands upon the two previous reviews and as such will be shorter in length and information.

    If you have already seen these posts then please do use the ‘jump to content’ below to get straight to the bits that might interest you.

    Jump to content

    1. How long has the experiment been running?
    2. What changed in month 3 of the experiment?
      • WordPress Core
      • Themes
      • Plugins
      • Attacks
    3. Lessons learned so far
    4. Conclusions
    5. Get ongoing updates and the final report when the experiment concludes

    How long has the experiment been running?

    The test website has been live now for 12 weeks although oddly, it feels longer. We saw in the previous 2-month review that we have already gained some valuable insight into what happens to a WordPress website when you don’t maintain it. Our 3-month review builds on this with another months data.

    Let’s cut to the chase: What changed in month 3 of the experiment?

    Although the final report will be the most valuable in terms of data and analysis ( I encourage you to sign up to receive it ), I can draw your attention to some interesting findings which have occurred in the first 3 months. The insights are best split into areas:

    WordPress Core

    In month three of the experiment, we can see that the number of cumulative missed updates to the WordPress core is 3. In the final report to be created at the end of the experiment, I will go into a bit more depth about what kind of updates have been missed but I’m sure you, like me, get a bit anxious when there is one outstanding. As the number of missed versions increases, so do the chances that one or more of those updates held some kind of security/vulnerability patch.

    Line chart showing number of cumulative WordPress core updates missed over time. Week 0, 0. Week 12, 3.

    Themes

    The website uses 1 theme which is live, and then has the three other standard bundled themes, namely 2020, 2021 and 2022.

    Normally I would only retain the live theme and any parent theme it may rely upon and one alternative theme (normally one of the bundled WordPress themes) to use as an alternative during troubleshooting and as a fallback. However, I so commonly find these themes the first time I log into a client website that I have left them in place in this instance.

    • By the end of week 1, three of the four themes on the site had one or more updates outstanding. This persisted until week 5 when the number rose to all four themes having missed updates.
    • By end of week 8, all four themes were missing a total of 5 updates between them.
    • By the end of week 12, all four themes were missing a total of 6 updates between them.

    Something that is worth drawing attention to is that the theme that has the most missed updates is coincidentally the active theme on the website. Although any pending update to any software is essentially a risk to varying degrees, the live theme having a larger number of missed updates is significant.

    Line chart showing number of installed WordPress themes with pending updates. Week 0, 0. Week 12, 4.

    Plugins

    This section has been reduced in size due to the repetition of so much information from the 2-month review. Please go back and read that if you would like more information than what is here.

    For this test website, we use a total of 16 plugins to provide features such as spam comment protection, maintenance tools etc. It is worth mentioning, however, that it isn’t uncommon for me to find upwards of 20-30 plugins when I first log into a client site.

    If you consider that every plugin is a potential vulnerability, the more plugins you have, the higher your potential risk. How those plugins are chosen does of course matter and whether they are vetted and reputable or whether they have been added without consideration of risk.

    With that bit of explanation out of the way, let’s look at some stats.

    • In the first week, 37.5% of the plugins on the site had missed one or more updates. This is important because updates often include feature fixes, security fixes and changes to ensure compatibility with the latest version of WordPress.
    • At week 4, 56.25% of all the plugins on the website had missed one or more updates.
    • At week 8, 75% of the plugins on the website had missed one or more updates.
    • At week 12, 87.5% of the plugins on the website had missed one or more updates.
    Line chart showing percentage of installed plugins with missed updates over time. Week 0, 0%. Week 12, 87.5%
    Line chart showing WordPress plugins with pending updates over time. Week 1, 6. Week 12, 14.

    Attacks

    Some login attempts happened with sufficient frequency to trigger a lockout.

    • Notable stats include week 2 having 56 blocked login attempts and 14 lockouts.
    • By end of week 4, the site had experienced 109 blocked login attempts and 27 lockouts.
    • By end of week 8, this had risen to 261 blocked login attempts and 35 lockouts.
    • By end of week 12, this had risen to 313 blocked login attempts and 40 lockouts.

    Interestingly even though the site is unmaintained we see that attacks have tapered off over time causing a plateau in the lockout figures. As far as I can see from my limited research, the drop in attempted logins and lockouts appears commensurate with a drop in the level of attacks at a global level.

    Line chart showing blocked login attempts over time. Week 1, 5. Week 12, 313.
    Line chart showing growth in number of website lockouts over time. week 1 zero lockouts, week 12 40 cumulative lockouts.

    Lessons learned so far

    • In week 1 we had a missed update to WordPress core, 37.5% of plugins with missed updates, 75% of themes on the site with missed updates and the site had already started seeing malicious login attempts.
    • By the 1 month mark over half of all the software had missed one or more updates and the site was routinely experiencing malicious login attempts. 
    • By the end of the second month, over 75% of the software that runs the website had missed one or more updates and 229 malicious logins were blocked.
    • By the end of the third month, over 87.5% of the software on the website had missed one or more updates.

    Conclusions

    To read the conclusions from the month 2 report click here. The following points are in addition to the comments made in that review.

    By this point of the experiment, I think we can safely say that we are no longer making an argument for or against ongoing website maintenance. The data presented in the graphs should be sufficient to show that after only one month of not carrying out routine maintenance that the risk profile of the website was becoming unacceptable.

    Where your tolerance for risk sits is going to be subjective and tied to the value of your site, brand, sales leads and sales that it generates. When assessing risk we look at opportunity cost and the real-world cost of repairing any issues or rebuilding the website.

    One thing that people often forget is the potential cost to a business of having its website blacklisted by search engines.

    Blacklisting can happen if a site has been hacked and contains malware or appears to be a phishing website. Blacklisting can be time-consuming and expensive to repair and may see your site removed from search engines and/or have a notice attached to it to make visitors aware of the risk. A quick way to damage a brand and lose trust and sales.

    The situation I feel that we find ourselves in now is deciding not whether or not to maintain, but how often to do it. Although the experiment has not yet finished we already see some pretty convincing data. If the % of plugins having missed updates isn’t enough, consider that some of those plugins have missed multiple upgrades. For example, as of month three:

    • SEO functions missed 9 updates
    • Ecommerce functions missed 8 updates
    • Payment gateway functions missed 5 updates
    • Analytics software missed 5 updates

    If you are running a business for commercial gain and make sales and/or harvest visitor/customer data on your website how would you justify to the Information Commissioners Office having so many updates pending? GDPR puts the obligation on you to safeguard any data you hold about your customers/visitors and your website is one of those storage locations where you hold such data.

    Would the ICO believe that you were making every effort to safeguard the data of your customers if you clearly aren’t maintaining your website? Would your insurers be content with your efforts to keep your website secure? All worth considering when you weigh up the ongoing cost of site maintenance. It may be inconvenient but much like car maintenance, the ongoing costs of maintenance are small when compared to the cost of replacing a vehicle.

    If you have any questions about this experiment please feel free to get in touch via the contact page and if you would like to be notified of future updates and receive the final experiment report when it is produced, please sign up using the below form.

    Thanks again for your time. Should you feel that your website would benefit from a health check and/or ongoing maintenance please give me a call on 01903 527927 and I will do my best to help.

    Get a free copy of the report

    Pop your email address in the form below and I will send you the report when it’s done. The results might just surprise you (and me).

    Unsubscribe at any time and don’t worry, your information won’t be shared with anyone else.

    [mc4wp_form id=”8197″]